LAND USE LAND COVER CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM
NJDEP MODIFIED ANDERSON SYSTEM 2002
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Derived from: A Land Use and Land Cover Classification System for Use with Remote Sensor Data, U. S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 964, 1976; edited by NJDEP, OIRM, BGIA, 1998, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2005, 2007. [Classes used in NJDEP mapping programs shown in bold]
1000 URBAN OR BUILT-UP LAND
The Level 1 Urban or Built-up Land category is characterized by intensive land use where the landscape has been altered by human activities.� Although structures are usually present, this category is not restricted to traditional urban areas.� Urban or Built-up Land Level II categories include Residential; Commercial and Service; Industrial; Transportation, Communication and Utilities; Industrial and Commercial Complexes; Mixed Urban or Built-up; Other Urban or Build-up and Recreational.� Included with each of the above land uses are associated lands, buildings, parking lots, access roads, and other appurtenances, unless these are specifically excluded.
Urban or Built-up Land takes precedence over other categories when the criteria for more than one category are met.� For example, recreational areas that have enough tree cover to meet Forest category criteria are placed in the Recreational category.
1100 RESIDENTIAL
The residential category includes single-family residences, multiple-unit dwellings and mobile homes.� Also included is the mixed residential group, which is comprised of two or more of the above groups.� Residential areas are easily identified on aerial photographs by the shapes and patterns of individual houses, housing developments and multiple dwelling [apartment or condominium] complexes.� They can also be identified by their proximity to urban centers or roadways.
Residential areas which are integral parts of other land uses and located on the site of that land use are included in that land use category.� For example, residential units may be found on military bases or on college campuses in the form of barracks, apartments or dormitories.� These residences would be mapped as their associated land use.
Residential area categories are based on density in terms of dwelling units per acre [DUPA].� In order to determine density at Level III mapping scale, an acre grid is placed over residential areas on the photoquad base map and the number of residential structures or portions of a structure is counted.� An average number of dwelling units per acre is determined and the area is mapped accordingly.� Multiple unit structures, such as 2 or 3-family homes, may be included within single-unit residential areas since they are not extensive enough to be mapped individually.� Also, commercial areas too small to be mapped separately may be found within residential areas.
1110�� Residential [High Density or Multiple dwelling]
This category contains either high-density single units or multiple dwelling units on 1/8 to 1/5-acre lots. These areas are found in the densely populated urban zones and generally are characterized by impervious surface coverage of ~65%.
1111Single Unit, High Density
This category contains single unit residential areas of more than 5 dwellings per acre. These are generally found in densely populated urban areas.
1112�� Multiple Dwelling, Low Rise� [3 stories or less]
This category contains residential areas of 2 and 3 family homes, row� houses and garden apartments of up to 3 stories.� These are generally found in the urban or urban fringe areas of cities.
1113�� Multiple Dwelling, High Rise� [4 stories or more]
This category includes residential areas comprised of condominiums, apartment complexes and towers of 4 stories or more, generally found in or near urban areas.� Multiple dwelling residences can be identified on aerial photography by their size, height, construction pattern and the location of driveways and parking lots.
1120�� Residential [Single Unit, Medium Density]
This category is comprised of residential urban/suburban neighborhoods greater than 1/8 acre and up to and including � acre lots. These areas generally contain impervious surface areas of ~30-35%
1130�� Residential [Single Unit, Low Density]
This category contains single unit residential neighborhoods with areas greater than � acre up to and including 1-acre lots. These areas generally contain impervious surface areas of ~20-25%
1140�� Residential [Rural, Single Unit]
This category contains single unit residential neighborhoods with areas between 1 acre and up to and including 2-acre lots. These areas generally contain impervious surface areas of ~15-20% or less.� This type is found in sparsely populated regions surrounded by or adjacent to forested or agricultural lands. Also included are estates or modern sub-divisions with large lot sizes providing a density less than or equal to 1 dwelling unit per acre. Impervious surface areas in the more rural settings can be as low as 5%.
1150 Mixed Residential
The mixed residential category is used for an area where various residential uses occur and the individual uses cannot be separated at mapping scale [1 acre]. Where more than 1/3 intermixture of other residential use or uses occurs in a specific area, it is classified as mixed residential. Where the inter-mixtures of other residential land use or uses total less than 1/3 of the specified area, the dominant land use category is applied.� Impervious surface coverage in these areas can vary significantly.
1200 COMMERCIAL & SERVICES
Areas that contain structures predominantly used for the sale of products and services are classified as Commercial and Services.
The main building, secondary structures and supporting areas such as parking lots, driveways and landscaped areas are also placed under this category, [unless the landscaped areas are greater than 1 acre in size in which case they are put into a separate category].� Sometimes non-commercial uses such as residential or industrial intermix with commercial uses making it difficult to identify the predominant land use.� These categories are not separated out; but, if they exceed 1/3 of the total commercial area, the Mixed Urban category [16] is used.� Often, specific uses of some commercial and services buildings cannot be easily identified from photography alone.� Some supplemental information is required. These areas generally have a high percentage of impervious surface coverage.� Any of the specific uses listed below may be included in the 1200 category,� with the exception of Military Installations which are delineated separately under the code 1211.
1201�� Central Business District� [CBD]
These are the "downtown" banking and commercial centers of cities or towns where land use is largely undifferentiated.� Retail stores, banks, office buildings, post offices, libraries, firehouses and courthouses are examples of structures that may comprise a CBD.� Some public land uses such as schools and cemeteries are separated out into other categories if they are of a mappable size.
CBDs can exist in any size city or town.� Metropolitan CBDs can be easily identified by their large number of high-rise buildings surrounded by parking lots. They are usually easily accessed by interstate bypass routes.� Medium-size CBDs contain 3 and 4 story buildings fronted by parking spaces.� They are away from the main traffic intersections of cities and often expand outward from railroad lines.� Small towns CBDs contain 2 or 3 story buildings that line the streets and are in close proximity to residential structures.� They usually parallel main traffic arteries.
1202�� Commercial Strip Development
This is the commercial activity developed along major highway and access roads to cities and towns in a more or less single strip.� Motel accommodations, car dealers, fast food services, gas stations and other similar goods and services establishments are examples that may comprise a Commercial strip.� Location of these building along a main vehicular transportation route is the key criterion.� Frequently, especially in suburban areas, residential and industrial land uses intermix with Commercial Strip Development.� When these uses exceed 1/3 of the total contiguous length of the Commercial Strip, the Mixed Urban category is used.
1203�� Isolated Commercial Establishments for Goods and/or Services
This category pertains to commercial establishments providing goods and services for direct consumer use.� Isolated single commercial buildings or isolated cluster of commercial buildings that are not part of a Commercial Strip Development or a well-defined CBD are included in this category.
These buildings are distinguished from Isolated Commercial Office Buildings [1204] because they provide goods and services for direct consumer use while 1204 does not.� Some examples are fast food services, dry cleaners, gas stations and banks.� Professional buildings that house medical offices, real estate brokers, law firms and travel agents are included in this category as well.
1204�� Isolated Commercial Office Buildings
This category pertains to scattered commercial development, specifically commercial office buildings [not providing goods and services for direct consumer use].� Isolated single commercial buildings or isolated clusters of commercial buildings that are not part of a Commercial Strip Development or well-defined CBD are included in this category.� These buildings are distinguished from the Isolated Establishments for Goods and Services because they do not provide products and services directly to the consumer.� Buildings can house administrative and support staffs for large corporations or staffs for several smaller businesses.� These buildings can range in size from 2 to 3 stories to high-rise structures.
When several Commercial Office Buildings exist together and share common driveways, parking lots and lawns they are placed in the industrial and Commercial Park category [151].
1205�� Shopping Centers
A Shopping Center is a group of retail stores and other commercial establishments planned, developed, owned and managed as a unit, with off-street parking provided on the property.� Shopping centers range in size from those of just a few thousand square feet to plazas covering acres.� Key identification features are large and often interconnecting buildings surrounded by well-paved parking lots located near interchanges and highways.� Retention ponds located on the property, if of a mappable size are included in the Artificial Lake category [531].
1206�� Resorts, Hotels, Motels & Related facilities
These facilities usually associated with leisure time activities contain over-night accommodations, dining facilities, services and recreational activities.� They range in size from converted farmhouses to luxury resort hotels.� Features that help define them such as tennis courts, pools, golf courses, ski slopes and well kept lawns and gardens are all included in the category.� [These features are included with the resort since they are private and not accessible to non-paying guests].� Hotels within urban areas are generally not mapped separately because they are difficult to distinguish from other commercial buildings.
1207�� Educational Institutions
This category includes all levels of public and private schools, colleges, universities and training centers.� All buildings, campus open space, dormitories and parking areas are included.� Not included are recreational facilities such as ball fields, tennis courts, stadiums and swimming pools.� These recreational facilities are included in Recreation [18] if they are of a mappable size.� Universities can often be identified by a maze of walkways linking various buildings.� Elementary and secondary schools are usually 1 or 2 story buildings surrounded by recreational fields and located in residential areas away from high traffic volumes.� Any educational activity associated with religious institutions involving parish schools, seminaries, orphanages and novitiates, if of a mappable size, are included in this category.
1208�� Health Institutions
Any facility providing direct health care to the public such as hospitals, mental health institutions, sanitariums, special care centers, major clinics and nursing homes are included in this category.� Some identifiable features may include circular drives, covered main entrances, multi-story buildings with wings, large parking lots and spacious grounds.
1209�� Correctional Institutions
Prisons and rehabilitation centers make up this category.� They can be identified by high walls and controlled access points.� Topographic maps should be consulted to make sure minimum security prisons are not over-looked.� Land uses, such as farmland or quarries associated with prisons are mapped separately according to their appropriate lane cover/land use category.
1210�� Government Centers
This category includes any state, regional, county or municipal office buildings.� They can range in size from 1 or 2 story buildings to high-rise complexes.� Any government office located in the CBD [1201] or along a Commercial Strip [1202] is included in those categories unless it is of a mappable size.
1211�� Military Installations
Military bases and camps, armories, ordinance depots, missile sites, National Guard and Reserve armories are included in this category.� Boundaries of major military installations are identified by fence lines and roads along their perimeter.� Military facilities have a wide variety of conditions including training camps, missile sites, etc.� Auxiliary land uses, particularly residential, commercial and other supporting uses located on a military base should be included in this category.
1212�� Other Institutional
This category includes any other institutions not included in the other categories.� Some examples are churches, synagogues, convents, special research facilities, medical research facilities not open to the public, and social clubs associated with established organizations.
1213�� Mixed Commercial & Services
This category is used when a mix of various commercial uses and services exist and no one category predominates.� When more than 1/3 of one commercial use is mixed with another use this Mixed category is used.� Where the intermixture total less than 1/3 then the dominant use is mapped.
1214 Former Military; Indeterminate Use
Included in this category are portions of former military installations, that have been de-commissioned and sold.� New development of these areas has not yet begun, so particular use can be determined from the photography.�� Many of the undeveloped portions of these former military sites may� remain as preserved undeveloped open space.� Developed areas may be re-developed for other uses.� However, in all cases, the new intended use is not discernible from the latest available photography, or other ancillary data.
1300 INDUSTRIAL
This category encompasses a great variety of structure types and land uses.� Light and heavy industry are comprised of land uses where manufacturing, assembly or processing of products takes place.� Power generation is included here because of its similarity to heavy industry. These areas generally have a high percentage of impervious surface coverage.
1310�� Light Industrial
Light industry deals with design, assembly, finishing, packaging, and storing of products or materials that have usually been processed at least once.� These activities are characterized as "clean", since they produce a relatively small amount of smoke and other effluents, noise, and dust.
Light industries include facilities for administration, research, assembly, storage, warehousing, and shipping.� Examples are electronics firms, trucking companies, small textile mills, and auto assembly plants.� Characteristic features may include the nature of the buildings, parking and shipping arrangements, the presence of outdoor storage facilities, trailer trucks, loading docks, rail lines, power sources and smokestacks.
1320�� Heavy Industrial
Heavy industry involves the processing of raw materials such as iron ore, timber, petroleum or coal, or the fabrication and assemblage of parts that are bulky and heavy
Examples of heavy industry are steel, pulp, and lumber mills, oil refineries and tank farms, chemical plants, and grain mills. �Recognizable features include blast furnaces, kilns, chemical processing towers, large chimneys or stacks, fuel tanks, boiler house, transformer yards, silos, bins and piles and ponds of water.� Also included in this category are surface structures associated with mining operations: loading devices, trucks, access roads processing facilities, stock piles, and storage sheds.
1330�� Power Generation
There are three main types of power generators: thermal, nuclear and hydroelectric.� Features common to all three types are the presence of transmission lines and transformer yards, and often, proximity to water.
Both thermal and nuclear plants usually have cooling towers for used water.� Thermal plants often have associated coal piles and conveyor belts leading to the main plants.� Nuclear plants have a characteristic nuclear reactor building.� Hydroelectric plants are usually at the dams of large reservoirs or impounded streams, or at an elevation break on a watercourse.� Typical features include a dam and trailraces.
1400 TRANSPORTATION, COMMUNICATION & UTILITIES
The transportation, communication, and utilities land uses are often associated with the other Urban or Built-up categories, but are often found in other categories.� However, they often do not meet minimum mappable size and are considered an integral part of the land use in which they occur.� The presence of major transportation routes, utilities such as sewage treatment plants and power lines, power substations, and communication facilities greatly influence both the present and potential uses of an area. These areas generally have a high percentage of impervious surface coverage .
1410�� Major Roadway [2002]
Major roadways include limited access highways that typically contain at least two lanes in each direction, separated by a concrete barrier or median strip.� There are usually no cross streets or traffic lights, and access is limited to ramps.� Included in this category are service [rest] areas, right-of-ways, interchanges, maintained hillsides, other service and terminal facilities and portions of local roads. Examples are interstates, U.S. highways and freeways.�
Limited access highways are characterized by "diamond" and "clover-leaf" patterns of ramps, crossroads intersecting via underpasses or overpasses, and the lack of adjacent residential, commercial or industrial development with direct connections to the highway.� Limited access highways right-of-way are often bounded by fences or drainage paths.
1419�� Bridge Over Water [2002 - WATER]
Bridges over water are characterized by having significance in the delineation of watercourses flowing below.� Any bridge or portion of roadway constructed over a mappable open water body has been identified and characterized as water.� Although the bridge surface is impervious, the structure does not impact or alter the impervious nature of the water flowing below.
1420�� Railroad Facilities
Railway facilities include railroads and spurs as well as stations, parking lots, roundhouses, power generators, and repair and switching yards.� Spurs that connect industrial or extractive pick-up points with main rail lines are included in the appropriate industrial or extractive category.
1430�� Bus and Truck Terminals
Bus and truck terminals are characterized by long buildings with truck trailers or buses adjacent to them.� There are large paved areas surrounding the garages, which are used for maneuvering and parking.� Terminals are often located in close proximity to major transportation routes.
1440�� Airport Facilities [2002]
Airport facilities are characterized by the presence of long, linear runway surfaces and adjacent areas cleared of vegetation and other obstructions.
Typical moderate to large-sized airports contain parallel primary runways, smaller parallel taxi strips, intervening land, aircraft parking aprons, hangars, terminals, service buildings, navigation aids, fuel storage areas, parking lots, and limited buffer zones.� This category also include heliports and land associated with seaplane bases.� It does not include other built-up land of small airports.
1450�� Port Facilities
Seaports are isolated areas of high utilization with no well-defined intervening connections.� Included in this category are docks, piers, shipyards, drydocks, locks, waterway control structures, buildings, parking lots and adjacent water utilized by ships in the loading or unloading of cargo or passengers.
1460�� Power Facilities
Power facilities include power substations associated with transmission line right-of-ways where the right-of-way is clearly visible on aerial photography and not used for any other purpose.� On aerial photography, power substations appear as geometric configuration with associated transformers and transmission lines extending outward. Those associated with an industrial, commercial, or extractive land uses are included in this category.
Right-of-ways in urban and agricultural land are sometimes difficult to see because there is usually no demarcation from the surrounding land. Additionally, the surrounding activity also occurs in the right-of-way most of the time and would be mapped as the Level III category it is traversing.
When there is a clear demarcation of the right-of-way, it would be mapped separately when traversing a wetland, a forest, or an urban environment, but would be mapped as a 1461, 1462, or 1463 Level III category.
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For example, transmission line right-of-ways are clearly discernible where they traverse forest: there are no trees, and vegetation growth is controlled through periodic mowing or herbicides.� These areas are allowed to regenerate for 5 to 10 years and do support a variety of wildlife during this period.� This differs greatly from areas obviously maintained on a much more frequent basis.
1461�� Wetland Rights-of-Way [WETLAND]
Included in this category are rights-of-way that exist in former wetland areas, and which still exhibit evidence of soil saturation on the photography.� Because of alterations associated with creating the rights-of-way and the periodic clearing, these areas may not support the typical natural wetland vegetation found in adjacent unaltered natural areas.� They may, however, support shrubby forms of the surrounding vegetation. They do, however, exist in areas shown on the Natural Resources Conservation Service soil surveys to have hydric soils, and exhibit the darker tonal signatures associated with saturated soils on the photography.� Colors of these areas will vary generally from blue-gray to black on winter CIR film and dark gray to black on panchromatic film.� Textures will generally be smooth to slightly rough depending on whether the dominant vegetation is low herbaceous species or taller shrubs.
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1462�� Upland Rights-of-Way, Developed [2002]
Included in this category are Rights-of-Way in uplands that exist in developed areas. These areas looked well maintained, usually in mowed grass, but are not part of adjacent land use.� It should include areas adjacent to urban or agricultural areas but not visibly used in connection with any agricultural or urban land use. They may contain access roads and have a clear separation from surrounding land use.� Because of alterations associated with maintaining these portions of the rights-of-way, these areas may not support typical natural vegetation. Textures will generally be smooth due to the lack of low herbaceous species or taller shrubs.
1463�� Upland Rights-of-Way, Undeveloped [2002]
Included in this category are Rights-of-Way in uplands that usually exist in undeveloped non-urban areas.� They typically support shrubby forms of the surrounding vegetation, which may be periodically cut or mowed back. Because of alterations associated with creating the rights-of-way, these areas may support the natural vegetation found in adjacent unaltered natural areas.� It should also include areas adjacent to agricultural areas but not visibly used in connection with any agricultural or urban land use. Textures will generally be smooth to slightly rough depending on whether the dominant vegetation is low herbaceous species or taller shrubs.�
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1470�� Water Treatment Facilities
Water treatment facilities consist of buildings with adjacent circular or rectangular tanks.� They are usually restricted to moderately sized towns and cities, rather than rural areas.� Water treatment facilities and sewage treatment facilities are often similar in appearance on aerial photography.� However, many water treatment facilities are upstream from the community served, whereas the sewage treatment facilities are often downstream.
1480�� Sewage Treatment Facilities
Sewage treatment plants are often adjacent to streams or rivers.� Identifiable features include an array of rectangular or circular tanks for initial processing, settling and aeration, and associated low buildings.� Like water treatment facilities, they are usually restricted to moderately sized towns and cities rather than rural areas, where individual septic systems are prevalent.� Also included in this category are pumping stations, sewage mains, and tertiary treatment fields.
1490�� Other Transportation, Communication and Utilities
This category consists of related facilities not included in any of the previous Level III categories.� Included are radio, radar, and television antennas, microwave stations, water towers, and lighthouses.� Towers include the land enclosed by guide wires.� Fence-lines, trimmed or mowed grounds, and access roads are associated with many of these facilities.
1499�� Stormwater Basin [2002]
This category consists of stormwater management basins or areas identified as serving the function of a surface water collection site. They are typically associated with new commercial and residential areas.� They may contain water and show varying degrees of management or vegetation.
1500 INDUSTRIAL & COMMERCIAL COMPLEXES
The Industrial and Commercial Complexes category includes those industrial and commercial land uses that typically occur together or in close proximity.� These areas are commonly referred to as "Industrial or Commercial Parks."� The major types of business establishments located in these planned industrial and commercial parks are light manufacturing, administration offices, research and development facilities, and computer systems companies.� Also found here are facilities for warehousing, wholesaling, retailing and distributing.
Industrial and Commercial Complexes are usually located in suburban or rural areas.� The key identifying feature is the planned layout of buildings exhibiting the same or very similar construction.� Other identifying features include well kept lawns and landscaped areas, ample parking areas and common roadways connecting buildings that also provide access to major highways.� The lack of smokestacks, storage tanks, raw materials or finished products, and waste signifies that no heavy industries are present. These areas generally have a high percentage of impervious surface coverage [~85%] and some may be up to 100%.
1510�� Industrial and Commercial Parks
See category 15 for description.� Clusters of commercial office buildings that happen to exist side by side but do not share common roadways and landscaped areas are included in the Isolated Commercial Office building category [1204].
1600 MIXED URBAN OR BUILT-UP
This category includes those urban or built-up areas for which uses cannot be separated into individual categories at the mapping scale employed.� Areas are identified under the mixed urban category when more than one-third intermixture of another use or uses is evident.
Uses considered in mixed urban include primarily residential, commercial/service, industrial and transportation/communication/utility.� Not included in the category are areas considered part of a definable commercial strip as described under 1202.� In addition, open land that could be classified for any agricultural use would not be included in the mixed urban category.
Level 3 divisions of the Mixed Urban category involve separating the mixed areas based on the predominant use in the intermixture, if one is evident.
1610 - Predominantly Residential - [>50%, but 50%, but 50%, but 50%, but