Câu tường thuật trong tiếng Anh luôn luôn là phần không thể thiếu trong giao tiếp hằng ngày, đồng thời cũng là điểm ngữ pháp trọng tâm xuyên suốt trong chương trình phổ thông và các kì thi tuyển sinh. Vậy câu tường thuật là gì? Có mấy dạng câu tường thuật? Làm thế nào để biến câu trực tiếp thành câu gián tiếp? Các bạn hãy cùng Kienthuctienganh khai phá nhé!
Câu trực tiếp là lời nói xuất phát trực tiếp từ người nói và thường được đặt trong dấu ngoặc kép.
Ví dụ:"I am hungry", Bob said.
[Bob nói: "Tôi đói bụng".]
Câu gián tiếp hay còn gọi là câu tường thuật là thuật lại lời nói của người khác, không thuật lại đầy đủ các từ ngữ nhưng ý nghĩa vẫn giữ nguyên và không nằm trong dấu ngoặc kép.
Ví dụ:
Bob said he was very hungry. [Bob nói anh ấy rất đói bụng.]
Trước hết, chúng ta cần xét ví dụ sau để phân tích các thành phần trong câu trực tiếp, từ đó sẽ chỉ ra các yếu tố cần biến đổi khi tường thuật lại câu nói đó.
Ví dụ:
Tom said to me: "I will tell Jim that I saw you." [Tom nói với tôi rằng: "Tôi sẽ kể cho Jim nghe việc tôi đã gặp bạn."]
Trong đó:Chủ ngữ "Tom" là người trực tiếp nói câu đó.Chủ ngữ "I" trong câu trực tiếp chính là "Tom"Động từ "will tell" và "saw" là 2 động từ chính trong 2 mệnh đề của câu trực tiếp.
"Jim" và "you" là tân ngữ trong câu trực tiếp.
Khi chuyển thành câu tường thuật chúng ta sẽ có câu sau:
Tom said to me that he would tell Jim that he had seen me.
[Tom nói với tôi rằng anh ta sẽ kể cho Jim nghe việc anh ta đã gặp tôi.]
Như vậy, ta thấy các yếu tố như chủ ngữ, động từ, thì, tân ngữ đã thay đổi hoàn toàn khi chuyển từ câu trực tiếp sang câu gián tiếp. Vậy làm thế nào để biến đổi những yếu tố đó một cách chính xác, các bạn hãy theo dõi phần bên dưới nhé, Kienthuctienganh sẽ tổng hợp đầy đủ các dạng câu tường thuật.
1. Hiện tại đơn [Simple Present] | Quá khứ đơn [Simple Past] |
2. Hiện tại tiếp diễn [Present Continuous] | Quá khứ tiếp diễn [Past Continuous] |
3. Hiện tại hoàn thành [Present Perfect] | Quá khứ hoàn thành [Past Perfect] |
4. Hiện tại hoàn thành tiếp diễn | Quá khứ hoàn thành tiếp diễn |
5. Quá khứ đơn [Simple Past] | Quá khứ hoàn thành [Past Perfect] |
6. Quá khứ tiếp diễn [Past Continuous] | Quá khứ hoàn thành tiếp diễn [ Past perfect Continuous] |
7. Quá khứ hoàn thành [Past Perfect] | Quá khứ hoàn thành [Past Perfect] |
8.Tương lai đơn [Simple Future] | Tương lai ở quá khứ [Future in the past] |
Ngoài ra, còn có một số thay đổi với các động từ khiếm khuyết [modal verbs]
Ví dụ:1. His father said to him: "You must study harder."→ His father told him that he had to study harder.2. Hoa said: "You needn't water the flowers because it rained last night."
→ Hoa said that he didn't have to water the flowers because it had rained the day before.
3. The doctor said to Nam: "You should stay in bed."→ The doctor told Nam that he should stay in bed.
* Cấu trúc đối với “modal verbs” ở quá khứ như: Would, could, might, should hoặc must/can’t have + V3/ed ở câu trực tiếp đều không thay đổi khi chuyển sang câu gián tiếp.
* Ngoại lệ: [Không thay đổi thì]
Mệnh đề tường thuật diễn tả một chân lý một sự thật hiển nhiên hay một hành động có thính chất thói quen, phong tục,... chúng ta không đổi thì của động từ trong mệnh đề tường thuật.Ví dụ:
The teacher told me that Jupiter is the largest planet.
Dạng của động từ ở điều kiện loại 2 và loại 3 và các cấu trúc: Used to, would rather, had better,... đều không đổi.
Cấu trúc "It’s high time + that-clause" chỉ đổi is -> was.
Cấu trúc "Wish + that-clause" chỉ đổi wish -> wished.Ví dụ:“You’d better stay at home”, Tom said to me.→ Tom told me that he’d better stay at home.“I wish I knew the answer”, Andrew said.→ Andrew said that she wished she knew the answer.
This | That |
These | Those |
Here | There |
Now | Then |
Today | That day |
Yesterday | The day before/ The previous day. |
Tomorrow | The next day/ The following day. |
Ago | Before |
Last night | The night before/ The previous night. |
Next week | The following week/ The week after. |
The day before yesterday | Two days before/ earlier |
“This, hat” có thể đổi thành “it”
“These, those” có thể đổi thành “that/ them”
Ví dụ:Mary said: “This is the first time I’ve broken my arm.”→ Mary said that it was the first time she had broken her arm.“Give me that!” Mary said to me.
→ Mary told me to give it to here.
S1 + say[s]/ said [that]+ S2 + verb
S1 + tell[s]/ told + O + [that] + S2 + verb
Ví dụ:“I feel really fed up with my job.” said Susan.→ Susan said that she felt really fed up with her job.
→ Susan told me that she felt really fed up with her job.
Ngoài ra các động từ của mệnh đề chính trong câu tường thuật là: Announce inform, declare, assure, remark, deny,…..Ví dụ:“I’m going to get married soon”, Dick said.
→ Dick announced that he was going to get married soon.
Phân biệt “tell” và “say”:- Ta dùng “tell/told” khi muốn đề cập đến người nghe. “Tell/told” luôn luôn đi với tân ngữ.Ví dụ: He told me I could leave early. - Ta dùng “say/said” khi không muốn đề cập đến người nghe. “Say/said” có thể đứng một mình, nếu thêm tân ngữ phải có “to” trước tân ngữ.
Ví dụ: He said [to me] I could leave early.
S + asked/ wanted to know/ wondered + if/ weather+ S + V
- Thêm If/ Whether để mở đầu cho mệnh đề tường thuật.
- Trật từ câu hỏi [động từ trước chủ ngữ] chuyển thành trật tự câu kể [chủ ngữ + động từ]. Bỏ do/does/did nếu có, đổi thì của động từ trong mệnh đề tường thuật lùi về quá khứ một thì và thay đổi các yếu tố khác như địa từ, sở hữu, tân ngữ, các từ chỉ thời gian, nơi chốn,…
Ví dụ:“Are you angry?” he asked.→ He asked if/whether I was angry.“Are you enjoying yourself?” I said to Liz.
→ I asked Liz if she was enjoying herself.
S + asked [+O]/ wanted to know/ wondered + what/ who/…. + S+V
- Không dùng If/ Whether mà dùng lại các từ để hỏi sẵn có [what/ where/ when,…] để mở đầu cho mệnh đề tường thuật.
- Các biến đổi khác thực hiện giống như khi tường thuật câu hỏi Yes/No
Ví dụ:“What are you talking about?” said the teacher.
→ The teacher asked us what we were talking about.
S + told/ asked/ advised/ reminded/ agree/ offer/ refuse... + O + to-V
Ví dụ:“Please wait for me here, Mary.” Tom said. [yêu cầu]→ Tom told Mary to wait for him there.“If I were you, I would go by train.” Margaret said to Kate. [lời khuyên]→ Margaret advised Kate to go by train.“Would you like to dance with me?” she said to John. [lời mời]→ She invited John to dance with her.He said to me: “I’ll lend you some money if you like.” [ngỏ ý giúp đỡ]→ He offered to lend me some money.“I’ll report you to the police if you do it again.” She told him [đe dọa]
→ She threatened to report him to the police if he did it again.
S + told/ asked/ advised/ reminded/ agree + O + NOT to-V
Ví dụ:“Don’t talk in class” the teacher said to us.
→ The teacher told us not to talk in class.
Why don’t you / Why not / How about
→ S + suggested + [ someone ] + V_ing
Ví dụ:“Why don’t you send her some flowers?” he said.→ He suggested me sending her some flowers.“Why not forward her the message?” I said to him.
→ I suggested him forwarding her the message.
Let’s / Let’s not
→ S + suggested [not] + V_ing
Ví dụ:“Let’s meet outside the cinema,” he said.→ He suggested meeting outside the cinema.“Let’s not talk about that problem again,” he said.
→ He suggested not talking about that problem again.
Shall we/ It’s a good idea
→ S + suggested + V_ing.
Ví dụ:“It’s a good idea to send her some flowers,” he said.
→ He suggested sending her some flowers.
Reporting verb + [someone] + preposition + V_ing …
Cảnh báo ai đó về điều gì | |
Chúc mừng ai đó về điều gì | |
Ngăn cản ai đó khỏi việc gì | |
Ví dụ:“I’m happy to know that you win the game. Congratulations!” Jim said to Mary.
→ Jim congratulated Mary on winning the game.
Peter said, “I want to be a famous singer worldwide.”→ Peter dream of being a famous singer worldwide.
Ví dụ:Peter said, “I didn’t steal the painting. It’s not me”.
→ Peter denied stealing the painting.
Reporting verbs + Object + to_V
Ví dụ:“Don’t forget to lock the door,” I said to my sister.
→ I remind my sister to lock the door.
Ví dụ:I’ll give you my book if you need it,” my friend said to me.
→ My friend offered to give me his book if I needed it.
Nếu trong lời nói trực tiếp có câu điều kiện, thì chỉ có câu điều loại I là có sự thay đổi về THÌ, hai loại câu điều kiện còn lại thì vẫn giữ nguyên hình thức động từ của chúng.
Ví dụ:
“If I have a time, I will visit her,” he said.
→ He said that if he had time, he would visit her
“If I were in New York now, I would visit her,” he said.
→ He said that if he were in New York then, he would visit her.
“If I had met her, I would have told her the truth,” he said.
→ He said that if he had met her, he would have told her the truth.
Exercise 1: Rewrite these following sentences with the same meaning1. She said, "I am reading."→ She said that…………………………………………………………….2. They said, "We are busy."→ They said that ……………………………………………………………….3. He said, "I know a better restaurant."→ He said that………………………………………………………………...4. She said, "I woke up early."→ She said that………………………………………………………………. 5. He said, "I will ring her."→ He said that…………………………………………………………………. 6. They said, "We have just arrived."→ They said that………………………………………………………………7. He said, "I will clean the car."→ He said that……………………………………………………………….8. She said, "I did not say that."→ She said that……………………………………………………………. 9. She said, "I don't know where my shoes are."→ She said that………………………………………………………………. 10. He said: "I won't tell anyone."
→ He said that………………………………………………………………
Exercise 2: Rewrite these following sentences with the same meaning1. "Where is my umbrella?" she asked.→ She asked…………………………………………………………………. 2. "How are you?" Martin asked us.→ Martin asked us………………………………………………………… 3. He asked, "Do I have to do it?"→ He asked……………………………………………………………… 4. "Where have you been?" the mother asked her daughter.→ The mother asked her daughter…………………………………………5. "Which dress do you like best?" she asked her boyfriend.→ She asked her boyfriend……………………………………………………6. "What are they doing?" she asked.→ She wanted to know……………………………………………………….7. "Are you going to the cinema?" he asked me.→ He wanted to know………………………………………………………. 8. The teacher asked, "Who speaks English?"→ The teacher wanted to know………………………………………………9. "How do you know that?" she asked me.→ She asked me………………………………………………………………10. "Has Caron talked to Kevin?" my friend asked me.
→ My friend asked me………………………………………………………
Exercise 3: Rewrite these following sentences with the same meaning1. "Stop talking, Joe," the teacher said.→ The teacher told Joe………………………………………………………………………………………….2. "Be patient," she said to him.→ She told him…………………………………………………………………. 3. "Go to your room," her father said to her.→ Her father told her…………………………………………………………. 4. "Hurry up," she said to us.→ She told us………………………………………………………………. 5. "Give me the key," he told her.→ He asked her………………………………………………………………. 6. "Play it again, Sam," she said.→ She asked Sam……………………………………………………………. 7. "Sit down, Caron" he said.→ He asked Caron……………………………………………………………. 8. "Fill in the form, Sir," the receptionist said.→ The receptionist asked the guest…………………………………………9. "Take off your shoes," she told us.→ She told us………………………………………………………………. 10. "Mind your own business," she told him.
→ She told him……………………………………………………………….
Exercise 4: Rewrite these following sentences with the same meaning1. The doctor said to me, “You should lose weight.”The doctor advised me……………………………………………………….2. Mary said, “Let’s go to a movie.”Mary suggested…………………………………………………………….3. “I didn’t break the windows”, Bill said.Bill denied……………………………………………………………………….4. “You told a lie, Tom”, she said.She accused Tom…………………………………………………………….5. “I can’t go to your birthday party next Saturday evening, Jack”, said Mary.Mary apologized for…………………………………………………………….6. “I won’t help you with your homework. Never ! ” Jane said to me.Jane refused…………………………………………………………………….7. Joe said, “Please come to my party.”Joe invited…………………………………………………………………….8. Mr. Gray said, “Don’t play in the street.”Mr. Gray warned the children not……………………………………………9. “Would you like to come on a picnic with us?They invited………………………………………………………………….10. “Please don’t tell anybody what happened.”He asked………………………………………………………………….11. “If you don’t give me a pay rise. I’ll resign.”She threatened………………………………………………………………….12. “I’ll finish the work by the end of this week.”John promised………………………………………………………………….13. “You ought to take a break, Andrew.”She advised………………………………………………………………….14. “Don’t forget to go to the supermarket after work.”They reminded……………………………………………………………….15. “Why don’t we sing a few songs?”
He suggested…………………………………………………………………
Exercise 1: Rewrite these following sentences with the same meaning.1. She said, "I am reading."→ She said that she was reading.2. They said, "We are busy."→ They said that they were busy.3. He said, "I know a better restaurant."→ He said that he knew a better restaurant.4. She said, "I woke up early."→ She said that she had woken up early.5. He said, "I will ring her."
→ He said that he would ring her.