Setting the right price for a product is vital for any manufacturer. Price your item too high, and you could drive potential customers straight to your competitors. But price the item too low, and your accountant may experience heart palpitations whenever they look at the balance sheet.
By applying the costing method that’s best suited for your business, you can deliver the best value for you and your customers while saving your accountant a stress-related trip to the doctors.
What is a costing method?
A costing method is a system used to calculate the cost of goods or services. Different costing methods take different things into account, but all ultimately aim to capture the cost of everything that goes into creating a product or providing a service.
Before we look at the specific costing methods, let’s go over some general manufacturing costs you need to consider.
Most widely used costing methods
There are loads of costing methods available, but most of these are based on job and process costing. The six most used methods of cost are:
- Standard costing
- Job costing
- Process costing
- Direct costing
- Target costing
- Activity-based costing [ABC]
But before we delve into these methods, there are some hidden costs you’ll need to understand before you can begin using them.
Indirect costs in manufacturing
When talking about production costs, people always assume it’s only about direct costs such as raw materials and labor. But this isn’t the only type of cost. Manufacturers just starting out tend to forget about indirect costs that need to be taken into account when pricing products.
Indirect costs are all the other costs necessary to keep your business running but are not directly related to the production process. These can include:
- Rent or mortgage payments
- Utilities like electricity, water, and gas
- Equipment maintenance and repairs
- Administrative expenses like accounting and HR
- Marketing and advertising costs
Calculating indirect expenses gives you a clearer picture of your production costs. However, doing so can be very time-consuming and complex. You will need to weigh the benefits of being precise against the cost of investing a lot of time and resources into this exercise.
For example, if one method of calculating your costs is 7% more accurate but would take ten times longer to complete by your cost accountants, it might not be worth the investment.
How to calculate overheads
Out of all the expenses mentioned, manufacturing overheads can be the most difficult to calculate. Overheads are all the indirect costs incurred in running a business, such as rent, utilities, and insurance.
Overheads are indirect costs since these can’t be directly linked to the production of goods.
The five main types of overheads in manufacturing:
- Indirect labor — the cost of all the workers who are not directly involved in manufacturing the product, such as supervisors, office staff, and janitors
- Indirect materials — materials used in the production process but are not directly involved in the production of the final product, such as packaging and labels
- Utilities — the cost of electricity, water, and gas used in production
- Physical costs — all the costs related to maintaining your factory. Such as rent, insurance, and property taxes
- Financial costs — any legal, accounting, and banking charges
To calculate the total cost for the overheads, you need to add up all the indirect costs.
The important thing to remember is that overheads can be fixed or variable:
- Fixed overheads — costs that stay the same regardless of how much is produced, such as rent.
- Variable overheads — costs that change in relation to production, such as electricity.
In order to calculate the overhead cost per unit, you need to divide the total overhead cost by the number of units produced.
Overhead cost per unit = Total overhead cost / Number of units produced
For example, if the total overhead cost is $100,000 for 2,000 units, the overhead cost per unit will be $50.
If you’re manufacturing different products, you need to calculate each product’s overhead cost per unit. This is because each product will have different production costs, so the overhead cost per unit won’t be the same.
The decision of how to allocate overheads is an important one. This is because overheads can have a big impact on the profitability of a product. If overheads are not allocated correctly, it can lead to products being priced too low or too high.
What are different types of costing?
Now that you understand the costs involved and how to calculate these, let’s take a closer look at the costing methodologies to see the advantages and disadvantages of each method.
Standard costing
Standard costing uses predetermined costs for materials and labor.
This type of costing is probably the most common method due to its simplicity. The predetermined costs are derived from the company’s historical experience and are updated periodically to reflect changing conditions.
The advantage of this approach is that it is relatively easy to compute, making it the least time-consuming. It also provides a consistent basis that determines the cost of the product.
The disadvantages of standard costing are that it can be inaccurate if circumstances change significantly from the time the business established the standards. It can also be challenging to update the standards on a timely basis.
In addition, this method does not provide information about where cost variances occur.
Job costing
Job costing is for tracking the costs when every project is different, and the cost of each job varies. This method looks at both direct and indirect costs.
To calculate the cost of a job, you first add all the direct costs. Then, you allocate a portion of the indirect costs based on how much resources are consumed for the assignment. For example, if a job took up 50% of the factory space for a day, you would allocate 50% of the day’s rent to that task.
The advantage of this method is that it gives a relatively accurate picture of the cost of each job because it considers all the associated costs.
The disadvantage of job costing is that it can be time-consuming since you need to track all the different expenses and allocate them accordingly.
Process costing
Process costing, a process referring to a particular stage in manufacturing, helps mass production manufacturers who only have slight variations in products track costs. For example, the first stage might be cutting the fabric, and the second stage might be sewing the garment.
To calculate the cost of a process, you add up all the direct expenses incurred in that specific production stage — including the materials used and wages of your operators. You then allocate a portion of the indirect costs based on how much the process uses the resources.
The advantage of this method is that it’s less time-consuming than job costing since you don’t need to track and allocate costs for each individual job.
The disadvantage is that it can lead to inaccuracies since it doesn’t consider all the costs involved in manufacturing. For example, if one process takes longer than usual, that will increase the indirect costs, which won’t appear in the final cost.
Direct costing
Direct costing, also called variable costing, is a method that only includes the variable production costs.
The variable costs are those that vary with the level of production, such as raw materials and labor. The fixed costs, such as rent and insurance, are not included in the product cost. This approach provides a better understanding of the variable costs and those that are fixed.
It also makes decision-making easier since the effect of changes in production levels on costs is more transparent. What’s more, this method is more straightforward to compute than others since you only need to consider the variable costs.
The disadvantage is that it can lead to distorted decision-making since it doesn’t take into account all the costs involved in manufacturing. For example, if a company is considering shutting down its operation, it might make that decision based only on direct costs. But if they fixed costs, the decision might be different.
Target costing
Target costing is a method used to ensure that products are designed and priced to meet customer needs.
With this method, you know what the sale price needs to be, so you start with that in mind. Then, you work backward to ascertain the cost of manufacturing it. To calculate the cost of a product, you first need to determine the target price.
This is the price that the product needs to be sold at in order for the company to make a profit. Then, you work out the cost of manufacturing it to meet the target price.
The advantage of target costing is that it ensures that products are designed and priced to meet customer needs because the focus is on the sale price, not on the cost of manufacturing.
The main focus of this method is on controlling costs, which can cause issues if the production turns out to be more expensive than expected. If the target price is not met, manufacturers have few options, but most of these are at the expense of product quality, such as:
- Test out several different product designs to find the cheapest option
- Use lower-quality materials
- Use cheaper manufacturing practices
- Reduce profit margins
- Raise price
- Drop the product if the target price is unachievable
Activity-based costing [ABC]
Activity-based costing looks into the cost of each unit from mass production runs depending on the activities involved in making it — ABC is a more sophisticated version of job costing.
In activity-based costing, overhead costs are assigned to activities rather than products. This is done by first allocating indirect costs to cost pools. A cost pool is a group of related costs that are incurred when performing a particular activity.
For example, the cost of setting up a production line would be allocated to a cost pool. The total overhead costs in the cost pool are then divided by the number of units of activity. The resulting figure is known as the activity rate. This activity rate is then applied to the number of units of activity used by each product to calculate its individual overhead cost.
Since ABC considers all manufacturing activities, it provides a very accurate picture of the unit cost.
The disadvantage of ABC is that it can be expensive to implement. With ABC, you need to identify all the activities involved in the production process. Once that’s done, you need to allocate a portion of these costs to every activity.
When choosing a cost system, you need to consider the nature of your business and the products you manufacture.
Once you’ve decided on the costing method to use, you will need to start gathering cost data and analyzing it.
Depending on your exact business, this can be very time-consuming and a resource-heavy process. Luckily, there are platforms to help you with cost management.
Using an ERP to calculate the costs
Katana is a manufacturing ERP that accurately tracks production costs for your products.
It uses the moving average cost [MAC] system to give you the most accurate overview of your inventory costs every time an item is added or removed from stock. Besides inventory costs, it also calculates costs for production operations.
Equipped with the right tools, figuring out the costs allows you to reallocate resources to focus on scaling your business. Try out Katana for free with the 14-day trial and get your costs in order.
As you can see, it’s not going to be an easy task to choose the best costing method for your business and it’s not made easier by the number of different methods and techniques. But below, you’ll find a short summary to help you make the right choice:
- Process costing may be the most suitable method if you’re producing large quantities of standardized products
- If you’re manufacturing bespoke items or small batches of products, job costing may be more appropriate
- If you want to ensure that your products are designed and priced to meet customer needs, target costing may be the best option
- And if you’re mass-producing products where the cost of each unit can vary depending on the activities involved in making it, activity-based costing could be the right choice
Ultimately, it’s important to choose the type of costing method that meets the needs of your business and provides the information you need to make informed decisions.