What is the temporal relation between the CS and US in a backward conditioning procedure?
|
Read Online (Free) relies on page scans, which are not currently available to screen readers. To access this article, please contact JSTOR User Support . We'll provide a PDF copy for your screen reader. With a personal account, you can read up to 100 articles each month for free. Show Already have an account? Log in Monthly Plan
Yearly Plan
Log in through your institution Purchase a PDFPurchase this article for $18.00 USD. How does it work?
journal article The Backward Conditioning CurveThe American Journal of Psychology Vol. 60, No. 3 (Jul., 1947) , pp. 321-334 (14 pages) Published By: University of Illinois Press https://doi.org/10.2307/1416914 https://www.jstor.org/stable/1416914 Read and download Log in through your school or library Alternate access options For independent researchers Read Online Read 100 articles/month free Subscribe to JPASS Unlimited reading + 10 downloads Purchase article $18.00 - Download now and later Journal Information The American Journal of Psychology (AJP) was founded in 1887 by G. Stanley Hall and was edited in its early years by Titchener, Boring, and Dallenbach. The Journal has published some of the most innovative and formative papers in psychology throughout its history. AJP explores the science of the mind and behavior, publishing reports of original research in experimental psychology, theoretical presentations, combined theoretical and experimental analyses, historical commentaries, and in-depth reviews of significant books. Publisher Information The University of Illinois Press is one of the leading publishers of humanities and social sciences journals in the country. Founded in 1918, the Press publishes more than 40 journals representing 18 societies, along with more than 100 new books annually. Our publication program covers a wide range of disciplines including psychology, philosophy, Black studies, women's studies, cultural studies, music, immigration, and more. Current issues are available through the Scholarly Publishing Collective. The Press is a founding member of the Association of University Presses. Rights & Usage This item is part of a JSTOR Collection. Psy 342 Learning & Memory Chapter 3 Basic Principles of Classical Conditioning I. Pavlov�s Experiments What was the unconditioned stimulus? What was the unconditioned reflex (or response)? What was the conditioned stimulus? What was the conditional reflex (or response)? II. Classical Conditioning Terminology A. Unconditioned Stimulus (US) An event that consistently and automatically elicits an unconditioned response B. Unconditioned Response (UR) An action that the unconditioned stimulus automatically elicits C. Conditioned Stimulus (CS) Initially a neutral stimulus. After repeated pairings with the unconditioned stimulus, the CS elicits the same response as the US. D. Conditioned Response (CR) The response elicited by the conditioned stimulus due to the training. Classical conditioning is a method used to study associative learning. What is an association? III. Examples of Classical Conditioning  IV. Contingency If the CS is to be a reliable signal for the US, the occurrence of the CS and the occurrence of the US must be correlated in some way. A. Positive Contingency Two stimuli tend to occur together and neither tends to occur when the other is absent Classical excitatory conditioning B. Negative Contingency One stimulus regularly precedes the absence of another stimulus that is present at other times Classical inhibitory conditioning C. No Contingency The CS is NOT a reliable signal for the occurrence or absence of a US Would you predict classical conditioning to occur in this situation? V. Methods A. Human Conditioning Paradigms Most often studied in humans�Eye blink reflex and skin conductance response Classical conditioning of the eye-blink response SCR�A measure of the electrical conductivity of the skin, which varies with subtle changes in the subject's emotionality Animal paradigms must be suited to the behavioral repertoire of the particular species Rabbits�nictitating membrane paradigm�like eye blink conditioning paradigm in humans A couple of classical conditioning methods use less traditional USs (stimulus doesn't elicit reflexive response and/or responses are measured indirectly. Conditioned Taste Aversion-- CS-- UR-- CR-- Evaluative Conditioning--neutral stimulus is presented along with a stimulus that already evokes an affective evaluation. UR and CR are participant's affective rating VI. Relationship between CS and US How are CS and US arranged in time? A. Temporal Order--What is the role of contiguity? Why is there such a difference between forward (delayed & trace) versus simultaneous and backward pairings? B. CS-US Interval What is the range of optimal CS-US intervals? **Conditioned taste aversion is an exception C. Number of CS-US Pairings Learning/Acquisition curves reflect ________________? D. Prior Experience with CS or US How does our experience with a CS or a US affect the degree to which these stimuli will promote conditioning? latent inhibition�Pre-exposures to a CS alone can hinder later conditioning involving that CS (Lubow & Moore, 1959) Possible explanations: habituation interference E. CS-US Relevance Are the CS and US typically related in the natural environment?
For the US of shock, the more salient CS was ______________? For the US of poison, the more salient CS was ______________? Seligman (1970)--genetic preparedness F. Presence of Other Stimuli During Conditioning Compound Conditioning When two or more conditioned stimuli occur together before the US, each may become conditioned but to varying degrees What's
the basic compound procedure? Which CS acquires more conditioning and which acquires less can be altered in several ways: 1. Overshadowing --vary salience (noticeability) of the individual CSs in the compound (Kamin, 1969)--conditioned emotional response (CER) with rats The general perceived strength of stimuli is commonly referred to as their salience. Although it might be related to the physical measurable intensity of stimuli, salience refers to the intensity of the subjective experience of stimuli, not of the objective intensity of the stimuli themselves. Salience, as subjective experience, varies between individuals, and, more importantly, between species. Salience depends on some combination of the physical characteristics of stimuli and of the sensory systems of the perceiver. 2. Onset of CSs--Egger and Miller (1963)--salivary conditioning with dogs Blocking Kamin (e.g., 1969) Why was conditioning to the added stimulus blocked? VII. Conditioning Without an Explicit US Conditioning can take place in some cases EVEN WHEN NO EXPLICIT US APPEARS TO BE PRESENT Higher Order Conditioning Second-Order Conditioning--When conditioning results from the pairing of a novel CS with a previously conditioned CS (a form of higher order conditioning) Sensory Preconditioning Sensory preconditioning first involves the paring of two CSs. Later, when one of the stimuli is paired with a US and becomes capable of producing a CR, the organism reacts to the other CS as if it, too, had been paired with the US. XI. Extinction The decrease and eventual disappearance of a conditioned response once a CS is no longer a reliable signal for a US
Researchers have argued about the precise mechanism that controls extinction. Research shows that: Extinction does NOT RESULT FROM FORGETTING Extinction does NOT INVOLVE LOSS of THE ASSOCIATION formed during conditioning What is spontaneous recovery of the response? How do these variables affect the rate of extinction? (1) Number of CS-US conditioning trials presented during actual conditioning XII. Application of Classical Conditioning Procedures A. Watson & Rayner (1920) The Search for Little Albert � B. Extinction procedures for treatment of some phobias Extinction as therapy Systematic desensitization What is the temporal relationship between CS and US in trace conditioning?The temporal relationship between the CS and US in both delay and trace conditioning. Delay CSs lasted 850 ms and coterminated with a 100 ms US presentation (a). Trace CSs lasted 250 ms and were followed by a 500 ms trace interval before a 100 ms US presentation (b).
What is temporal relationship in classical conditioning?Temporal contiguity occurs when two stimuli are experienced close together in time and, as a result an association may be formed. In Pavlovian conditioning the strength of the association between the conditioned stimulus (CS) and the unconditioned stimulus (US) is largely affected by temporal contiguity.
What is CS and US in classical conditioning?Classical conditioning occurs when a conditioned stimulus (CS) is paired with an unconditioned stimulus (US).
What can be said about the relationship between the UR and the CR?We might conclude from this that the conditioned response (CR) and unconditioned response (UR) are essentially the same behavior—and simply triggered by different inputs. In truth, though, the CR and UR are rarely identical and are sometimes quite different from each other.
|
