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Python Classes and Objects

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Python Classes/Objects

Python is an object oriented programming language.

Almost everything in Python is an object, with its properties and methods.

A Class is like an object constructor, or a "blueprint" for creating objects.

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Create a Class

To create a class, use the keyword class:

Example

Create a class named MyClass, with a property named x:

class MyClass:
  x = 5

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Create Object

Now we can use the class named MyClass to create objects:

Example

Create an object named p1, and print the value of x:

p1 = MyClass()
print(p1.x)

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The __init__() Function

The examples above are classes and objects in their simplest form, and are not really useful in real life applications.

To understand the meaning of classes we have to understand the built-in __init__() function.

All classes have a function called __init__(), which is always executed when the class is being initiated.

Use the __init__() function to assign values to object properties, or other operations that are necessary to do when the object is being created:

Example

Create a class named Person, use the __init__() function to assign values for name and age:

class Person:
  def __init__(self, name, age):
    self.name = name
    self.age = age

p1 = Person("John", 36)

print(p1.name)
print(p1.age)

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Note: The __init__() function is called automatically every time the class is being used to create a new object.

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The __str__() Function

The __str__() function controls what should be returned when the class object is represented as a string.

If the __str__() function is not set, the string representation of the object is returned:

Example

The string representation of an object WITHOUT the __str__() function:

class Person:
  def __init__(self, name, age):
    self.name = name
    self.age = age

p1 = Person("John", 36)

print(p1)

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Example

The string representation of an object WITH the __str__() function:

class Person:
  def __init__(self, name, age):
    self.name = name
    self.age = age

  def __str__(self):
    return f"{self.name}({self.age})"

p1 = Person("John", 36)

print(p1)

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Object Methods

Objects can also contain methods. Methods in objects are functions that belong to the object.

Let us create a method in the Person class:

Example

Insert a function that prints a greeting, and execute it on the p1 object:

class Person:
  def __init__(self, name, age):
    self.name = name
    self.age = age

  def myfunc(self):
    print("Hello my name is " + self.name)

p1 = Person("John", 36)
p1.myfunc()

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Note: The self parameter is a reference to the current instance of the class, and is used to access variables that belong to the class.

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The self Parameter

The self parameter is a reference to the current instance of the class, and is used to access variables that belongs to the class.

It does not have to be named self , you can call it whatever you like, but it has to be the first parameter of any function in the class:

Example

Use the words mysillyobject and abc instead of self:

class Person:
  def __init__(mysillyobject, name, age):
    mysillyobject.name = name
    mysillyobject.age = age

  def myfunc(abc):
    print("Hello my name is " + abc.name)

p1 = Person("John", 36)
p1.myfunc()

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Modify Object Properties

You can modify properties on objects like this:

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Delete Object Properties

You can delete properties on objects by using the del keyword:

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Delete Objects

You can delete objects by using the del keyword:

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The pass Statement

class definitions cannot be empty, but if you for some reason have a class definition with no content, put in the pass statement to avoid getting an error.

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Test Yourself With Exercises

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Click on the "Try it Yourself" button to see how it works.

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Python File Handling

In our File Handling section you will learn how to open, read, write, and delete files.

Python File Handling

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Python Database Handling

In our database section you will learn how to access and work with MySQL and MongoDB databases:

Python MySQL Tutorial

Python MongoDB Tutorial

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Python Exercises

Test Yourself With Exercises

Exercise:

Insert the missing part of the code below to output "Hello World".

Start the Exercise

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Python Examples

Learn by examples! This tutorial supplements all explanations with clarifying examples.

See All Python Examples

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Python Quiz

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Python Quiz

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Python Reference

You will also find complete function and method references:

Reference Overview

Built-in Functions

String Methods

List/Array Methods

Dictionary Methods

Tuple Methods

Set Methods

File Methods

Python Keywords

Python Exceptions

Python Glossary

Random Module

Requests Module

Math Module

CMath Module

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