Descriptive research can be explained as a statement of affairs as they are at present with the researcher having no control over variable. Moreover, “descriptive studies may be characterised as simply the attempt to determine, describe or identify what is, while analytical research attempts to establish why it is that way or how it came to be”[1]. Three main purposes of descriptive studies can be explained as describing, explaining and validating research findings. This type of research is popular with non-quantified topic. Descriptive research is “aimed at casting light on current issues or problems through a process of data collection that enables them to describe the situation more completely than was possible without employing this
method.”[2] To put it simply, descriptive studies are used to describe various aspects of the phenomenon. In its popular format, descriptive research is used to describe characteristics and/or behaviour of sample population. It is an effective method to get information that can be used to develop hypotheses and propose associations. Importantly, these types of studies do not focus on reasons for
the occurrence of the phenomenon. In other words, descriptive research focuses on the question “What?”, but it is not concerned with the question “Why?” Descriptive studies have the following characteristics: 1. While descriptive research can employ a number of variables, only one variable is required to conduct a descriptive study. 2. Descriptive studies are closely associated with observational studies, but they are not limited with
observation data collection method. Case studies and surveys can also be specified as popular data collection methods used with descriptive studies. 3. Findings of descriptive researches create a scope for further research. When a descriptive study answers to the question
“What?”, a further research can be conducted to find an answer to “Why?” question. Research questions in descriptive studies typically start with ‘What is…”. Examples of research questions in descriptive studies may include the following:Examples of Descriptive Research
- What are the most effective intangible employee motivation tools in hospitality industry in the 21stcentury?
- What is the impact of viral marketing on consumer behaviour in consumer amongst university students in Canada?
- Do corporate leaders of multinational companies in the 21stcentury possess moral rights to receive multi-million bonuses?
- What are the main distinctive traits of organisational culture of McDonald’s USA?
- What is the impact of the global financial crisis of 2007 – 2009 on fitness industry in the UK?
Advantages of Descriptive Research
- Effective to analyse non-quantified topics and issues
- The possibility to observe the phenomenon in a completely natural and unchanged natural environment
- The opportunity to integrate the qualitative and quantitative methods of data collection. Accordingly, research findings can be comprehensive.
- Less time-consuming than quantitative experiments
- Practical use of research findings for decision-making
Disadvantages of Descriptive Research
- Descriptive studies cannot test or verify the research problem statistically
- Research results may reflect certain level of bias due to the absence of statistical tests
- The majority of descriptive studies are not ‘repeatable’ due to their observational nature
- Descriptive studies are not helpful in identifying cause behind described phenomenon
My e-book, The Ultimate Guide to Writing a Dissertation in Business Studies: a step by step assistance contains discussions of theory and application of research designs. The e-book also explains all stages of the research process starting from the selection of the research area to writing personal reflection. Important elements of dissertations such as research philosophy, research approach, methods of data collection, data analysis and sampling are explained in this e-book in simple words.
John Dudovskiy
[1] Ethridge, D.E. [2004] “Research Methodology in Applied Economics” John Wiley & Sons, p.24
[2] Fox, W. & Bayat, M.S. [2007] “A Guide to Managing Research” Juta Publications, p.45
Published on May 15, 2019 by Shona McCombes. Revised on July 21, 2022.
Descriptive research aims to accurately and systematically describe a population, situation or phenomenon. It can answer what, where, when and how questions, but not why questions.
A descriptive research design can use a wide variety of research methods to investigate one or more variables. Unlike in experimental research, the researcher does not control or manipulate any of the variables, but only observes and measures them.
When to use a descriptive research design
Descriptive research is an appropriate choice when the research aim is to identify characteristics, frequencies, trends, and categories.
It is useful when not much is known yet about the topic or problem. Before you can research why something happens, you need to understand how, when and where it happens.
Descriptive research question examples
- How has the Amsterdam housing market changed over the past 20 years?
- Do customers of company X prefer product X or product Y?
- What are the main genetic, behavioural and morphological differences between European wildcats and domestic cats?
- What are the most popular online news sources among under-18s?
- How prevalent is disease A in population B?
Descriptive research methods
Descriptive research is usually defined as a type of quantitative research, though qualitative research can also be used for descriptive purposes. The research design should be carefully developed to ensure that the results are valid and reliable.
Surveys
Survey research allows you to gather large volumes of data that can be analyzed for frequencies, averages and patterns. Common uses of surveys include:
- Describing the demographics of a country or region
- Gauging public opinion on political and social topics
- Evaluating satisfaction with a company’s products or an organization’s services
Observations
Observations allow you to gather data on behaviours and phenomena without having to rely on the honesty and accuracy of respondents. This method is often used by psychological, social and market researchers to understand how people act in real-life situations.
Observation of physical entities and phenomena is also an important part of research in the natural sciences. Before you can develop testable hypotheses, models or theories, it’s necessary to observe and systematically describe the subject under investigation.
Case studies
A case study can be used to describe the characteristics of a specific subject [such as a person, group, event or organization]. Instead of gathering a large volume of data to identify patterns across time or location, case studies gather detailed data to identify the characteristics of a narrowly defined subject.
Rather than aiming to describe generalizable facts, case studies often focus on unusual or interesting cases that challenge assumptions, add complexity, or reveal something new about a research problem.
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