Which of the following resulted in the aftermath of the Glorious Revolution?
|
How glorious was the Glorious Revolution, really? Touted as a bloodless change of power from an absolutist to a constitutional monarchy, the Revolution of 1688 saw the removal of King James II of England, Scotland, and Ireland and the invasion of Prince William of Orange. He, with his wife, became King William III and Queen Mary II, joint rulers of the three British kingdoms. What caused such a dramatic power shift? This article will define the causes, development, and results of Britain's Glorious Revolution. Show
Absolute Monarchy: A style of government where a monarch, or ruler, has complete control over state power. Constitutional Monarchy:A government structure where the monarch shares power with citizens' representatives, such as a Parliament, under a constitution. Causes of Britain's Glorious RevolutionThe Glorious Revolution had both long-term and short-term causes. Historians debate which set of causes had more weight in bringing the country again to war. Long-Term Causes of the Glorious RevolutionThe events leading up to the Glorious Revolution began with the English Civil War (1642-1650). Religion played a significant role in this conflict. King Charles I attempted to force his people to follow a prayer book that many considered too close to Catholicism. The people revolted–any policy that appeared in favor of Catholicism in England was hotly opposed. The English people feared Catholicism and the influence of the Pope's court in Rome. The English felt that toleration of Catholicism violated their rights and liberties as an independent nation. Charles I was killed in a public execution, and a protectorate under Oliver Cromwell replaced the monarchy. The monarchy was restored following Cromwell's death in 1660, and Charles I's son, Charles II, became king. Charles II was a Protestant, which settled some religious tension at the beginning of the Restoration period (1660-1688). However, that calm did not last long. Short-Term Causes of the Glorious RevolutionCharles II had no legitimate child to name his heir, which meant that his younger brother James was next in line. Anti-Catholic hysteria reared its ugly head when James took an Italian Catholic princess, Mary of Modena, as his wife in 1673 and publicly announced his conversion to Catholicism in 1676. The English were outraged and now worked towards removing the possibility of having a Catholic king on the throne. Who was Mary of Modena? Mary of Modena (1658-1718) was an Italian princess and the only sister of Duke Francesco II of Modena. She married James, then Duke of York, in 1673. Mary encouraged literature and poetry in her household, and at least three of her ladies became accomplished writers. In June 1688, Mary–then coregent with William III–gave birth to her only surviving son, James Francis Edward. However, wild rumors about the child's legitimacy circulated widely instead of securing the royal succession. One of the leading rumors was that little James was smuggled inside a warming-pan (a pan placed under the mattress to warm a bed) into Mary's birth chamber! The Popish Plot (1678-81) and Exclusion Crisis (1680-82)Anti-Catholic hysteria reached a fever pitch when news of a plot to murder King Charles II and replace him with James reached Parliament. The story was entirely made-up by a mentally unstable former cleric named Titus Oates. Still, it was just the sort of ammunition needed for Parliament to work on removing the Catholic threat from the nobility and upper administration. By 1680 forty Catholics were killed either by execution or dying in prison. The Exclusion Crisis was built on the anti-Catholicism generated by the Popish Plot. The English felt that at any moment their city would be set ablaze, their wives raped, their babies skewered on pikes… should the king's brother, a Catholic, ascend the throne." 1 After multiple efforts by Parliament to remove James from the succession to the throne, Charles II dissolved Parliament in 1682. He died in 1685, and his brother James became king.King James II (r. 1685-1688)Advocated for religious toleration for all religions with the Declaration of Indulgence in 1687. Heavily favored Catholics and did not get the Declaration approved by Parliament. Eliminated a law that restricted Catholics from holding office. Tried to pack Parliament with Catholics and those who favored his policies so that it would always agree with him. Instilled religiously diverse advisors. Alienated loyal Protestant subjects. Produced a male heir with his queen Mary of Modena in 1688. The threat of a continued Catholic monarchy caused the nobility to act against their kind. James II vs. Prince William of OrangeThe alienated nobility decided it was time to take matters into their own hands. Seven high-ranking nobles sent a letter to the Protestant Prince William of Orange in the Netherlands, husband of James' eldest child Mary, inviting him to England. They wrote that they were generally dissatisfied with the present conduct of the government in relation to their religion, liberties and properties (all which have been greatly invaded)." 2 William used the rumors disputing the birth of James and Mary of Modena's infant son and Protestant fears of prolonged Catholic rule to gain support for an armed invasion of England. He invaded England in December 1688, forcing King James II and Queen Mary of Modena into exile in France. William and his wife Mary became King William III and Queen Mary II, joint Protestant rulers of England. Results of the Glorious RevolutionThe revolt was not bloodless, nor was the new government universally accepted. However, as Steven Pincus argues, it was "the first modern revolution"3 as it created a modern state and initiated the Age of Revolutions, including the 1776 American Revolution and the 1789 French Revolution. According to historian W. A. Speck, the revolution strengthened Parliament, transforming it from "an event to an institution." 4 The Parliament was no longer an entity summoned by the king when he needed taxes approved but a permanent governing body sharing administration with the monarchy. This moment was a significant shift in power towards Parliament, and subsequent generations would see Parliament gain more strength while the monarch's position weakened. What was the result of the Glorious Revolution?The Glorious Revolution (1688–89) permanently established Parliament as the ruling power of England—and, later, the United Kingdom—representing a shift from an absolute monarchy to a constitutional monarchy.
What ended after the Glorious Revolution?Although Jacobitism persisted into the late 18th century, the Revolution ended a century of political dispute by confirming the primacy of Parliament over the Crown, a principle established in the Bill of Rights 1689.
What was the outcome of the Glorious Revolution quizlet?What was the Outcome? The English government changed from an absolute monarchy to a constitutional monarchy. William of Orange and his wife Mary became King and Queen of England.
What were two results of the Glorious Revolution quizlet?What were some results of the Glorious Revolution? William and Mary became king and queen of England, and James II fled.
|
