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In embedded mode, an application opens a database from within the same JVM using JDBC. This is the fastest and easiest connection mode. The disadvantage is that a database may only be open in one virtual machine (and class loader) at any time. As in all modes, both persistent and in-memory databases are supported. There is no limit on the number of database open concurrently, or on the number of open connections.

In embedded mode I/O operations can be performed by application's threads that execute a SQL command. The application may not interrupt these threads, it can lead to database corruption, because JVM closes I/O handle during thread interruption. Consider other ways to control execution of your application. When interrupts are possible the file system can be used as a workaround, but full safety is not guaranteed. It's recommended to use the client-server model instead, the client side may interrupt own threads.

Server Mode

When using the server mode (sometimes called remote mode or client/server mode), an application opens a database remotely using the JDBC or ODBC API. A server needs to be started within the same or another virtual machine, or on another computer. Many applications can connect to the same database at the same time, by connecting to this server. Internally, the server process opens the database(s) in embedded mode.

The server mode is slower than the embedded mode, because all data is transferred over TCP/IP. As in all modes, both persistent and in-memory databases are supported. There is no limit on the number of database open concurrently per server, or on the number of open connections.

Mixed Mode

The mixed mode is a combination of the embedded and the server mode. The first application that connects to a database does that in embedded mode, but also starts a server so that other applications (running in different processes or virtual machines) can concurrently access the same data. The local connections are as fast as if the database is used in just the embedded mode, while the remote connections are a bit slower.

The server can be started and stopped from within the application (using the server API), or automatically (automatic mixed mode). When using the , all clients that want to connect to the database (no matter if it's an local or remote connection) can do so using the exact same database URL.

Database URL Overview

This database supports multiple connection modes and connection settings. This is achieved using different database URLs. Settings in the URLs are not case sensitive.

TopicURL Format and Examples jdbc:h2:[file:][] jdbc:h2:~/test jdbc:h2:file:/data/sample jdbc:h2:file:C:/data/sample (Windows only) jdbc:h2:mem: jdbc:h2:mem: jdbc:h2:mem:test_mem jdbc:h2:tcp://[:]/[] jdbc:h2:tcp://localhost/~/test jdbc:h2:tcp://dbserv:8084/~/sample jdbc:h2:tcp://localhost/mem:test jdbc:h2:ssl://[:]/[] jdbc:h2:ssl://localhost:8085/~/sample; jdbc:h2:;CIPHER=AES jdbc:h2:ssl://localhost/~/test;CIPHER=AES jdbc:h2:file:~/secure;CIPHER=AES jdbc:h2:;FILE_LOCK={FILE|SOCKET|FS|NO} jdbc:h2:file:~/private;CIPHER=AES;FILE_LOCK=SOCKET jdbc:h2:;IFEXISTS=TRUE jdbc:h2:file:~/sample;IFEXISTS=TRUE jdbc:h2:;DB_CLOSE_ON_EXIT=FALSE jdbc:h2:;INIT=RUNSCRIPT FROM '~/create.sql' jdbc:h2:file:~/sample;INIT=RUNSCRIPT FROM '~/create.sql'\;RUNSCRIPT FROM '~/populate.sql' jdbc:h2:[;USER=][;PASSWORD=] jdbc:h2:file:~/sample;USER=sa;PASSWORD=123 jdbc:h2:;TRACE_LEVEL_FILE= jdbc:h2:file:~/sample;TRACE_LEVEL_FILE=3 jdbc:h2:;IGNORE_UNKNOWN_SETTINGS=TRUE jdbc:h2:;ACCESS_MODE_DATA=rws jdbc:h2:zip:!/ jdbc:h2:zip:~/db.zip!/test jdbc:h2:;MODE= jdbc:h2:~/test;MODE=MYSQL;DATABASE_TO_LOWER=TRUE jdbc:h2:;AUTO_RECONNECT=TRUE jdbc:h2:tcp://localhost/~/test;AUTO_RECONNECT=TRUE jdbc:h2:;AUTO_SERVER=TRUE jdbc:h2:~/test;AUTO_SERVER=TRUE jdbc:h2:;PAGE_SIZE=512 jdbc:h2:;=[;=...] jdbc:h2:file:~/sample;TRACE_LEVEL_SYSTEM_OUT=3

Connecting to an Embedded (Local) Database

The database URL for connecting to a local database is

SET DB_CLOSE_DELAY 10

1. The prefix

SET DB_CLOSE_DELAY 10

2 is optional. If no or only a relative path is used, then the current working directory is used as a starting point. The case sensitivity of the path and database name depend on the operating system, however it is recommended to use lowercase letters only. The database name must be at least three characters long (a limitation of

SET DB_CLOSE_DELAY 10

3). The database name must not contain a semicolon. To point to the user home directory, use

SET DB_CLOSE_DELAY 10

4, as in:

SET DB_CLOSE_DELAY 10

5.

In-Memory Databases

For certain use cases (for example: rapid prototyping, testing, high performance operations, read-only databases), it may not be required to persist data, or persist changes to the data. This database supports the in-memory mode, where the data is not persisted.

In some cases, only one connection to a in-memory database is required. This means the database to be opened is private. In this case, the database URL is

SET DB_CLOSE_DELAY 10

6 Opening two connections within the same virtual machine means opening two different (private) databases.

Sometimes multiple connections to the same in-memory database are required. In this case, the database URL must include a name. Example:

SET DB_CLOSE_DELAY 10

7. Accessing the same database using this URL only works within the same virtual machine and class loader environment.

To access an in-memory database from another process or from another computer, you need to start a TCP server in the same process as the in-memory database was created. The other processes then need to access the database over TCP/IP or TLS, using a database URL such as:

SET DB_CLOSE_DELAY 10

8.

By default, closing the last connection to a database closes the database. For an in-memory database, this means the content is lost. To keep the database open, add

SET DB_CLOSE_DELAY 10

9 to the database URL. To keep the content of an in-memory database as long as the virtual machine is alive, use

String url = "jdbc:h2:~/test;DB_CLOSE_ON_EXIT=FALSE";

0. This may create a memory leak, when you need to remove the database, use the command.

Database Files Encryption

The database files can be encrypted. Three encryption algorithms are supported:

• "AES" - also known as Rijndael, only AES-128 is implemented.
• "XTEA" - the 32 round version.
• "FOG" - pseudo-encryption only useful for hiding data from a text editor.

To use file encryption, you need to specify the encryption algorithm (the 'cipher') and the file password (in addition to the user password) when connecting to the database.

Creating a New Database with File Encryption

By default, a new database is automatically created if it does not exist yet when the url is used. To create an encrypted database, connect to it as it would already exist locally using the embedded URL.

Connecting to an Encrypted Database

The encryption algorithm is set in the database URL, and the file password is specified in the password field, before the user password. A single space separates the file password and the user password; the file password itself may not contain spaces. File passwords and user passwords are case sensitive. Here is an example to connect to a password-encrypted database:

String url = "jdbc:h2:~/test;CIPHER=AES"; String user = "sa"; String pwds = "filepwd userpwd"; conn = DriverManager.

getConnection(url, user, pwds);

Encrypting or Decrypting a Database

To encrypt an existing database, use the

String url = "jdbc:h2:~/test;DB_CLOSE_ON_EXIT=FALSE";

1 tool. This tool can also decrypt an encrypted database, or change the file encryption key. The tool is available from within the H2 Console in the tools section, or you can run it from the command line. The following command line will encrypt the database

String url = "jdbc:h2:~/test;DB_CLOSE_ON_EXIT=FALSE";

2 in the user home directory with the file password

String url = "jdbc:h2:~/test;DB_CLOSE_ON_EXIT=FALSE";

3 and the encryption algorithm AES:

java -cp h2*.jar org.h2.tools.ChangeFileEncryption -dir ~ -db test -cipher AES -encrypt filepwd

Database File Locking

Whenever a database is opened, a lock file is created to signal other processes that the database is in use. If database is closed, or if the process that opened the database terminates, this lock file is deleted.

The following file locking methods are implemented:

• The default method is String url = "jdbc:h2:~/test;DB_CLOSE_ON_EXIT=FALSE"; 4 and uses a watchdog thread to protect the database file. The watchdog reads the lock file each second.
• The second method is String url = "jdbc:h2:~/test;DB_CLOSE_ON_EXIT=FALSE"; 5 and opens a server socket. The socket method does not require reading the lock file every second. The socket method should only be used if the database files are only accessed by one (and always the same) computer.
• The third method is String url = "jdbc:h2:_{/test;DB_CLOSE_ON_EXIT=FALSE"; 6. This will use native file locking using String url = "jdbc:h2:}/test;DB_CLOSE_ON_EXIT=FALSE"; 7.
• It is also possible to open the database without file locking; in this case it is up to the application to protect the database files. Failing to do so will result in a corrupted database. Using the method String url = "jdbc:h2:~/test;DB_CLOSE_ON_EXIT=FALSE"; 8 forces the database to not create a lock file at all. Please note that this is unsafe as another process is able to open the same database, possibly leading to data corruption.

To open the database with a different file locking method, use the parameter

String url = "jdbc:h2:~/test;DB_CLOSE_ON_EXIT=FALSE";

9. The following code opens the database with the 'socket' locking method:

String url = "jdbc:h2:~/test;FILE_LOCK=SOCKET";

For more information about the algorithms, see .

Opening a Database Only if it Already Exists

By default, when an application calls

String url = "jdbc:h2:mem:test;INIT=runscript from '_{/create.sql'\;runscript from '}/init.sql'";

0 with URL and the database specified in the URL does not yet exist, a new (empty) database is created. In some situations, it is better to restrict creating new databases, and only allow to open existing databases. To do this, add

String url = "jdbc:h2:mem:test;INIT=runscript from '_{/create.sql'\;runscript from '}/init.sql'";

1 to the database URL. In this case, if the database does not already exist, an exception is thrown when trying to connect. The connection only succeeds when the database already exists. The complete URL may look like this:

String url = "jdbc:h2:/data/sample;IFEXISTS=TRUE";

Closing a Database

Delayed Database Closing

Usually, a database is closed when the last connection to it is closed. In some situations this slows down the application, for example when it is not possible to keep at least one connection open. The automatic closing of a database can be delayed or disabled with the SQL statement

String url = "jdbc:h2:mem:test;INIT=runscript from '_{/create.sql'\;runscript from '}/init.sql'";

2. The parameter specifies the number of seconds to keep a database open after the last connection to it was closed. The following statement will keep a database open for 10 seconds after the last connection was closed:

SET DB_CLOSE_DELAY 10

The value -1 means the database is not closed automatically. The value 0 is the default and means the database is closed when the last connection is closed. This setting is persistent and can be set by an administrator only. It is possible to set the value in the database URL:

String url = "jdbc:h2:mem:test;INIT=runscript from '_{/create.sql'\;runscript from '}/init.sql'";

3.

Don't Close a Database when the VM Exits

By default, a database is closed when the last connection is closed. However, if it is never closed, a persistent database is closed when the virtual machine exits normally, using a shutdown hook. In some situations, the database should not be closed in this case, for example because the database is still used at virtual machine shutdown (to store the shutdown process in the database for example). For those cases, the automatic closing of the database can be disabled in the database URL. The first connection (the one that is opening the database) needs to set the option in the database URL (it is not possible to change the setting afterwards). The database URL to disable database closing on exit is:

String url = "jdbc:h2:~/test;DB_CLOSE_ON_EXIT=FALSE";

Warning: when database closing on exit is disabled, an application must execute the command by itself in its own shutdown hook after completion of all operations with database to avoid data loss and should not try to establish new connections to database after that.

Execute SQL on Connection

Sometimes, particularly for in-memory databases, it is useful to be able to execute DDL or DML commands automatically when a client connects to a database. This functionality is enabled via the INIT property. Note that multiple commands may be passed to INIT, but the semicolon delimiter must be escaped, as in the example below.

String url = "jdbc:h2:mem:test;INIT=runscript from '_{/create.sql'\;runscript from '}/init.sql'";

Please note the double backslash is only required in a Java or properties file. In a GUI, or in an XML file, only one backslash is required:

Backslashes within the init script (for example within a runscript statement, to specify the folder names in Windows) need to be escaped as well (using a second backslash). It might be simpler to avoid backslashes in folder names for this reason; use forward slashes instead.

Ignore Unknown Settings

Some applications (for example OpenOffice.org Base) pass some additional parameters when connecting to the database. Why those parameters are passed is unknown. The parameters

String url = "jdbc:h2:mem:test;INIT=runscript from '_{/create.sql'\;runscript from '}/init.sql'";

4 and

String url = "jdbc:h2:mem:test;INIT=runscript from '_{/create.sql'\;runscript from '}/init.sql'";

5 are such examples; they are simply ignored to improve the compatibility with OpenOffice.org. If an application passes other parameters when connecting to the database, usually the database throws an exception saying the parameter is not supported. It is possible to ignored such parameters by adding

String url = "jdbc:h2:mem:test;INIT=runscript from '_{/create.sql'\;runscript from '}/init.sql'";

6 to the database URL.

Changing Other Settings when Opening a Connection

In addition to the settings already described, other database settings can be passed in the database URL. Adding

String url = "jdbc:h2:mem:test;INIT=runscript from '_{/create.sql'\;runscript from '}/init.sql'";

7 at the end of a database URL is the same as executing the statement

String url = "jdbc:h2:mem:test;INIT=runscript from '_{/create.sql'\;runscript from '}/init.sql'";

8 just after connecting. For a list of supported settings, see SQL Grammar or the DbSettings javadoc.

Custom File Access Mode

Usually, the database opens the database file with the access mode

String url = "jdbc:h2:mem:test;INIT=runscript from '_{/create.sql'\;runscript from '}/init.sql'";

9, meaning read-write (except for read only databases, where the mode

0 is used). To open a database in read-only mode if the database file is not read-only, use

1. Also supported are

2 and

3. This setting must be specified in the database URL:

String url = "jdbc:h2:~/test;ACCESS_MODE_DATA=rws";

For more information see . On many operating systems the access mode

2 does not guarantee that the data is written to the disk.

Multiple Connections

Opening Multiple Databases at the Same Time

An application can open multiple databases at the same time, including multiple connections to the same database. The number of open database is only limited by the memory available.

Multiple Connections to the Same Database: Client/Server

If you want to access the same database at the same time from different processes or computers, you need to use the client / server mode. In this case, one process acts as the server, and the other processes (that could reside on other computers as well) connect to the server via TCP/IP (or TLS over TCP/IP for improved security).

Multithreading Support

This database is multithreading-safe. If an application is multi-threaded, it does not need to worry about synchronizing access to the database. An application should normally use one connection per thread. This database synchronizes access to the same connection, but other databases may not do this. To get higher concurrency, you need to use multiple connections.

An application can use multiple threads that access the same database at the same time. Threads that use different connections can use the database concurrently.

Locking, Lock-Timeout, Deadlocks

Usually,

5 statements will generate read locks. This includes subqueries. Statements that modify data use write locks on the modified rows. It is also possible to issue write locks without modifying data, using the statement

6. Data definition statements may issue exclusive locks on tables. The statements

7 and

8 releases all open locks. The commands

9 and

String url = "jdbc:h2:~/test;ACCESS_MODE_DATA=rws";

0 don't affect locks. The locks are also released when the autocommit mode changes, and for connections with autocommit set to true (this is the default), locks are released after each statement. The following statements generate locks:

Type of Lock SQL Statement Read SELECT * FROM TEST; CALL SELECT MAX(ID) FROM TEST; SCRIPT; Write (row-level) SELECT * FROM TEST WHERE 1=0 FOR UPDATE; Write (row-level) INSERT INTO TEST VALUES(1, 'Hello'); INSERT INTO TEST SELECT * FROM TEST; UPDATE TEST SET NAME='Hi'; DELETE FROM TEST; Exclusive ALTER TABLE TEST ...; CREATE INDEX ... ON TEST ...; DROP INDEX ...;

The number of seconds until a lock timeout exception is thrown can be set separately for each connection using the SQL command

String url = "jdbc:h2:~/test;ACCESS_MODE_DATA=rws";

1. The initial lock timeout (that is the timeout used for new connections) can be set using the SQL command

String url = "jdbc:h2:~/test;ACCESS_MODE_DATA=rws";

2. The default lock timeout is persistent.

Database File Layout

The following files are created for persistent databases:

File NameDescriptionNumber of Files test.mv.db Database file. Contains the transaction log, indexes, and data for all tables. Format:

String url = "jdbc:h2:~/test;ACCESS_MODE_DATA=rws";

3 1 per database test.newFile Temporary file for database compaction. Contains the new MVStore file. Format:

String url = "jdbc:h2:~/test;ACCESS_MODE_DATA=rws";

4 0 or 1 per database test.tempFile Temporary file for database compaction. Contains the temporary MVStore file. Format:

String url = "jdbc:h2:~/test;ACCESS_MODE_DATA=rws";

5 0 or 1 per database test.lock.db Database lock file. Automatically (re-)created while the database is in use. Format:

String url = "jdbc:h2:~/test;ACCESS_MODE_DATA=rws";

6 1 per database (only if in use) test.trace.db Trace file (if the trace option is enabled). Contains trace information. Format:

String url = "jdbc:h2:~/test;ACCESS_MODE_DATA=rws";

7 Renamed to

String url = "jdbc:h2:~/test;ACCESS_MODE_DATA=rws";

8 if too big. 0 or 1 per database test.123.temp.db Temporary file. Contains a temporary blob or a large result set. Format:

String url = "jdbc:h2:~/test;ACCESS_MODE_DATA=rws";

9 1 per object

Moving and Renaming Database Files

Database name and location are not stored inside the database files.

While a database is closed, the files can be moved to another directory, and they can be renamed as well (as long as all files of the same database start with the same name and the respective extensions are unchanged).

As there is no platform specific data in the files, they can be moved to other operating systems without problems.

Backup

When the database is closed, it is possible to backup the database files.

To backup data while the database is running, the SQL commands

jdbc:h2:/data/test;AUTO_SERVER=TRUE

0 and

jdbc:h2:/data/test;AUTO_SERVER=TRUE

1 can be used.

Logging and Recovery

Whenever data is modified in the database and those changes are committed, the changes are written to the transaction log (except for in-memory objects). The changes to the main data area itself are usually written later on, to optimize disk access. If there is a power failure, the main data area is not up-to-date, but because the changes are in the transaction log, the next time the database is opened, the changes are re-applied automatically.

Compatibility

All database engines behave a little bit different. Where possible, H2 supports the ANSI SQL standard, and tries to be compatible to other databases. There are still a few differences however:

In MySQL text columns are case insensitive by default, while in H2 they are case sensitive. However H2 supports case insensitive columns as well. To create the tables with case insensitive texts, append

jdbc:h2:/data/test;AUTO_SERVER=TRUE

2 to the database URL (example:

jdbc:h2:/data/test;AUTO_SERVER=TRUE

3).

Compatibility Modes

For certain features, this database can emulate the behavior of specific databases. However, only a small subset of the differences between databases are implemented in this way. Here is the list of currently supported modes and the differences to the regular mode:

REGULAR Compatibility mode

This mode is used by default.

• Empty IN predicate is allowed.
• TOP clause in SELECT is allowed.
• OFFSET/LIMIT clauses are allowed.
• MINUS can be used instead of EXCEPT.
• IDENTITY can be used as a data type.
• Legacy SERIAL and BIGSERIAL data types are supported.
• AUTO_INCREMENT clause can be used instead of GENERATED { ALWAYS | BY DEFAULT } AS IDENTITY.

STRICT Compatibility Mode

To use the STRICT mode, use the database URL

jdbc:h2:/data/test;AUTO_SERVER=TRUE

4 or the SQL statement

jdbc:h2:/data/test;AUTO_SERVER=TRUE

5. In this mode some deprecated features are disabled.

If your application or library uses only the H2 or it generates different SQL for different database systems it is recommended to use this compatibility mode in unit tests to reduce possibility of accidental misuse of such features. This mode cannot be used as SQL validator, however.

It is not recommended to enable this mode in production builds of libraries, because this mode may become more restrictive in future releases of H2 that may break your library if it will be used together with newer version of H2.

• Empty IN predicate is disallowed.
• TOP and OFFSET/LIMIT clauses are disallowed, only OFFSET/FETCH can be used.
• MINUS cannot be used instead of EXCEPT.
• IDENTITY cannot be used as a data type and AUTO_INCREMENT clause cannot be specified. Use GENERATED BY DEFAULT AS IDENTITY clause instead.
• SERIAL and BIGSERIAL data types are disallowed. Use INTEGER GENERATED BY DEFAULT AS IDENTITY or BIGINT GENERATED BY DEFAULT AS IDENTITY instead.

LEGACY Compatibility Mode

To use the LEGACY mode, use the database URL

jdbc:h2:/data/test;AUTO_SERVER=TRUE

6 or the SQL statement

jdbc:h2:/data/test;AUTO_SERVER=TRUE

7. In this mode some compatibility features for applications written for H2 1.X are enabled. This mode doesn't provide full compatibility with H2 1.X.

• Empty IN predicate is allowed.
• TOP clause in SELECT is allowed.
• OFFSET/LIMIT clauses are allowed.
• MINUS can be used instead of EXCEPT.
• IDENTITY can be used as a data type.
• MS SQL Server-style IDENTITY clause is supported.
• Legacy SERIAL and BIGSERIAL data types are supported.
• AUTO_INCREMENT clause can be used instead of GENERATED { ALWAYS | BY DEFAULT } AS IDENTITY.
• If a value for identity column was specified in an INSERT command the base value of sequence generator of this column is updated if current value of generator was smaller (larger for generators with negative increment) than the inserted value.
• Identity columns have implicit DEFAULT ON NULL clause. It means a NULL value may be specified for this column in INSERT command and it will be treated as DEFAULT.
• Oracle-style CURRVAL and NEXTVAL can be used on sequences.
• TOP clause can be used in DELETE and UPDATE.
• Non-standard Oracle-style WHERE clause can be used in standard MERGE command.
• Attempt to reference a non-unique set of columns from a referential constraint will create an UNIQUE constraint on them automatically.
• Unsafe comparison operators between numeric and boolean values are allowed.
• GREATEST and LEAST ignore NULL values by default.
• IDENTITY() and SCOPE_IDENTITY() are supported, but both are implemented like SCOPE_IDENTITY()
• SYSDATE, SYSTIMESTAMP, and TODAY are supported.

DB2 Compatibility Mode

To use the IBM DB2 mode, use the database URL

jdbc:h2:/data/test;AUTO_SERVER=TRUE

8 or the SQL statement

jdbc:h2:/data/test;AUTO_SERVER=TRUE

9.

• For aliased columns, java -cp h2*.jar org.h2.tools.ChangeFileEncryption -dir _{-db test -cipher AES -encrypt filepwd 00 returns the alias name and java -cp h2*.jar org.h2.tools.ChangeFileEncryption -dir} -db test -cipher AES -encrypt filepwd 01 returns java -cp h2*.jar org.h2.tools.ChangeFileEncryption -dir ~ -db test -cipher AES -encrypt filepwd 02.
• Support the pseudo-table SYSIBM.SYSDUMMY1.
• Timestamps with dash between date and time are supported.
• Datetime value functions return the same value within a command.
• Second and third arguments of TRANSLATE() function are swapped.
• SEQUENCE.NEXTVAL and SEQUENCE.CURRVAL are supported
• LIMIT / OFFSET clauses are supported.
• MINUS can be used instead of EXCEPT.
• Unsafe comparison operators between numeric and boolean values are allowed.

Derby Compatibility Mode

To use the Apache Derby mode, use the database URL

java -cp h2*.jar org.h2.tools.ChangeFileEncryption -dir ~ -db test -cipher AES -encrypt filepwd

03 or the SQL statement

java -cp h2*.jar org.h2.tools.ChangeFileEncryption -dir ~ -db test -cipher AES -encrypt filepwd

04.

• For aliased columns, java -cp h2*.jar org.h2.tools.ChangeFileEncryption -dir _{-db test -cipher AES -encrypt filepwd 00 returns the alias name and java -cp h2*.jar org.h2.tools.ChangeFileEncryption -dir} -db test -cipher AES -encrypt filepwd 01 returns java -cp h2*.jar org.h2.tools.ChangeFileEncryption -dir ~ -db test -cipher AES -encrypt filepwd 02.
• For unique indexes, java -cp h2*.jar org.h2.tools.ChangeFileEncryption -dir _{-db test -cipher AES -encrypt filepwd 08 is distinct. That means only one row with java -cp h2*.jar org.h2.tools.ChangeFileEncryption -dir} -db test -cipher AES -encrypt filepwd 08 in one of the columns is allowed.
• Support the pseudo-table SYSIBM.SYSDUMMY1.
• Datetime value functions return the same value within a command.

HSQLDB Compatibility Mode

To use the HSQLDB mode, use the database URL

java -cp h2*.jar org.h2.tools.ChangeFileEncryption -dir ~ -db test -cipher AES -encrypt filepwd

10 or the SQL statement

java -cp h2*.jar org.h2.tools.ChangeFileEncryption -dir ~ -db test -cipher AES -encrypt filepwd

11.

• Text can be concatenated using '+'.
• NULL value works like DEFAULT value is assignments to identity columns.
• Datetime value functions return the same value within a command.
• TOP clause in SELECT is supported.
• LIMIT / OFFSET clauses are supported.
• MINUS can be used instead of EXCEPT.
• Unsafe comparison operators between numeric and boolean values are allowed.
• SYSDATE and TODAY are supported.

MS SQL Server Compatibility Mode

To use the MS SQL Server mode, use the database URL

java -cp h2*.jar org.h2.tools.ChangeFileEncryption -dir ~ -db test -cipher AES -encrypt filepwd

12. Do not change value of DATABASE_TO_LOWER and CASE_INSENSITIVE_IDENTIFIERS after creation of database.

• For aliased columns, java -cp h2*.jar org.h2.tools.ChangeFileEncryption -dir _{-db test -cipher AES -encrypt filepwd 00 returns the alias name and java -cp h2*.jar org.h2.tools.ChangeFileEncryption -dir} -db test -cipher AES -encrypt filepwd 01 returns java -cp h2*.jar org.h2.tools.ChangeFileEncryption -dir ~ -db test -cipher AES -encrypt filepwd 02.
• Identifiers may be quoted using square brackets as in java -cp h2*.jar org.h2.tools.ChangeFileEncryption -dir ~ -db test -cipher AES -encrypt filepwd 16.
• For unique indexes, java -cp h2*.jar org.h2.tools.ChangeFileEncryption -dir _{-db test -cipher AES -encrypt filepwd 08 is distinct. That means only one row with java -cp h2*.jar org.h2.tools.ChangeFileEncryption -dir} -db test -cipher AES -encrypt filepwd 08 in one of the columns is allowed.
• GREATEST and LEAST ignore NULL values by default.
• Text can be concatenated using '+'.
• Arguments of LOG() function are swapped.
• MONEY data type is treated like NUMERIC(19, 4) data type. SMALLMONEY data type is treated like NUMERIC(10, 4) data type.
• java -cp h2*.jar org.h2.tools.ChangeFileEncryption -dir ~ -db test -cipher AES -encrypt filepwd 19 can be used for automatic id generation on column level.
• Table hints are discarded. Example: java -cp h2*.jar org.h2.tools.ChangeFileEncryption -dir ~ -db test -cipher AES -encrypt filepwd 20.
• Datetime value functions return the same value within a command.
• 0x literals are parsed as binary string literals.
• TRUNCATE TABLE restarts next values of generated columns.
• TOP clause in SELECT, UPDATE, and DELETE is supported.
• Unsafe comparison operators between numeric and boolean values are allowed.

MariaDB Compatibility Mode

To use the MariaDB mode, use the database URL

java -cp h2*.jar org.h2.tools.ChangeFileEncryption -dir ~ -db test -cipher AES -encrypt filepwd

21. When case-insensitive identifiers are needed append

java -cp h2*.jar org.h2.tools.ChangeFileEncryption -dir ~ -db test -cipher AES -encrypt filepwd

22 to URL. Do not change value of DATABASE_TO_LOWER after creation of database.

• Creating indexes in the java -cp h2*.jar org.h2.tools.ChangeFileEncryption -dir _{-db test -cipher AES -encrypt filepwd 23 statement is allowed using java -cp h2*.jar org.h2.tools.ChangeFileEncryption -dir} -db test -cipher AES -encrypt filepwd 24 or java -cp h2*.jar org.h2.tools.ChangeFileEncryption -dir _{-db test -cipher AES -encrypt filepwd 25. Example: java -cp h2*.jar org.h2.tools.ChangeFileEncryption -dir} -db test -cipher AES -encrypt filepwd 26
• When converting a floating point number to an integer, the fractional digits are not truncated, but the value is rounded.
• ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE is supported in INSERT statements, due to this feature VALUES has special non-standard meaning is some contexts.
• INSERT IGNORE is partially supported and may be used to skip rows with duplicate keys if ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE is not specified.
• REPLACE INTO is partially supported.
• Spaces are trimmed from the right side of CHAR values.
• REGEXP_REPLACE() uses \ for back-references.
• Datetime value functions return the same value within a command.
• 0x literals are parsed as binary string literals.
• Unrelated expressions in ORDER BY clause of DISTINCT queries are allowed.
• Some MariaDB-specific ALTER TABLE commands are partially supported.
• TRUNCATE TABLE restarts next values of generated columns.
• NEXT VALUE FOR returns different values when invoked multiple times within the same row.
• If value of an identity column was manually specified, its sequence is updated to generate values after inserted.
• NULL value works like DEFAULT value is assignments to identity columns.
• LIMIT / OFFSET clauses are supported.
• AUTO_INCREMENT clause can be used.
• YEAR data type is treated like SMALLINT data type.
• GROUP BY clause can contain 1-based positions of expressions from the SELECT list.
• Unsafe comparison operators between numeric and boolean values are allowed.
• Accepts non-standard JSON_OBJECT and JSON_OBJECTAGG syntax using comma as key/value separator.

Text comparison in MariaDB is case insensitive by default, while in H2 it is case sensitive (as in most other databases). H2 does support case insensitive text comparison, but it needs to be set separately, using

java -cp h2*.jar org.h2.tools.ChangeFileEncryption -dir ~ -db test -cipher AES -encrypt filepwd

27. This affects comparison using

java -cp h2*.jar org.h2.tools.ChangeFileEncryption -dir ~ -db test -cipher AES -encrypt filepwd

28.

MySQL Compatibility Mode

To use the MySQL mode, use the database URL

java -cp h2*.jar org.h2.tools.ChangeFileEncryption -dir ~ -db test -cipher AES -encrypt filepwd

29. When case-insensitive identifiers are needed append

java -cp h2*.jar org.h2.tools.ChangeFileEncryption -dir ~ -db test -cipher AES -encrypt filepwd

22 to URL. Do not change value of DATABASE_TO_LOWER after creation of database.

• Creating indexes in the java -cp h2*.jar org.h2.tools.ChangeFileEncryption -dir _{-db test -cipher AES -encrypt filepwd 23 statement is allowed using java -cp h2*.jar org.h2.tools.ChangeFileEncryption -dir} -db test -cipher AES -encrypt filepwd 24 or java -cp h2*.jar org.h2.tools.ChangeFileEncryption -dir _{-db test -cipher AES -encrypt filepwd 25. Example: java -cp h2*.jar org.h2.tools.ChangeFileEncryption -dir} -db test -cipher AES -encrypt filepwd 26
• When converting a floating point number to an integer, the fractional digits are not truncated, but the value is rounded.
• ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE is supported in INSERT statements, due to this feature VALUES has special non-standard meaning is some contexts.
• INSERT IGNORE is partially supported and may be used to skip rows with duplicate keys if ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE is not specified.
• REPLACE INTO is partially supported.
• Spaces are trimmed from the right side of CHAR values.
• REGEXP_REPLACE() uses \ for back-references.
• Datetime value functions return the same value within a command.
• 0x literals are parsed as binary string literals.
• Unrelated expressions in ORDER BY clause of DISTINCT queries are allowed.
• Some MySQL-specific ALTER TABLE commands are partially supported.
• TRUNCATE TABLE restarts next values of generated columns.
• If value of an identity column was manually specified, its sequence is updated to generate values after inserted.
• NULL value works like DEFAULT value is assignments to identity columns.
• Referential constraints don't require an existing primary key or unique constraint on referenced columns and create a unique constraint automatically if such constraint doesn't exist.
• LIMIT / OFFSET clauses are supported.
• AUTO_INCREMENT clause can be used.
• YEAR data type is treated like SMALLINT data type.
• GROUP BY clause can contain 1-based positions of expressions from the SELECT list.
• Unsafe comparison operators between numeric and boolean values are allowed.
• Accepts non-standard JSON_OBJECT and JSON_OBJECTAGG syntax using comma as key/value separator.

Text comparison in MySQL is case insensitive by default, while in H2 it is case sensitive (as in most other databases). H2 does support case insensitive text comparison, but it needs to be set separately, using

java -cp h2*.jar org.h2.tools.ChangeFileEncryption -dir ~ -db test -cipher AES -encrypt filepwd

27. This affects comparison using

java -cp h2*.jar org.h2.tools.ChangeFileEncryption -dir ~ -db test -cipher AES -encrypt filepwd

28.

Oracle Compatibility Mode

To use the Oracle mode, use the database URL

java -cp h2*.jar org.h2.tools.ChangeFileEncryption -dir ~ -db test -cipher AES -encrypt filepwd

37 or the SQL statement

java -cp h2*.jar org.h2.tools.ChangeFileEncryption -dir ~ -db test -cipher AES -encrypt filepwd

38.

• For aliased columns, java -cp h2*.jar org.h2.tools.ChangeFileEncryption -dir _{-db test -cipher AES -encrypt filepwd 00 returns the alias name and java -cp h2*.jar org.h2.tools.ChangeFileEncryption -dir} -db test -cipher AES -encrypt filepwd 01 returns java -cp h2*.jar org.h2.tools.ChangeFileEncryption -dir ~ -db test -cipher AES -encrypt filepwd 02.
• When using unique indexes, multiple rows with java -cp h2*.jar org.h2.tools.ChangeFileEncryption -dir ~ -db test -cipher AES -encrypt filepwd 08 in all columns are allowed, however it is not allowed to have multiple rows with the same values otherwise.
• Empty strings are treated like java -cp h2*.jar org.h2.tools.ChangeFileEncryption -dir _{-db test -cipher AES -encrypt filepwd 08 values, concatenating java -cp h2*.jar org.h2.tools.ChangeFileEncryption -dir} -db test -cipher AES -encrypt filepwd 08 with another value results in the other value.
• REGEXP_REPLACE() uses \ for back-references.
• RAWTOHEX() converts character strings to hexadecimal representation of their UTF-8 encoding.
• HEXTORAW() decodes a hexadecimal character string to a binary string.
• DATE data type is treated like TIMESTAMP(0) data type.
• Datetime value functions return the same value within a command.
• ALTER TABLE MODIFY COLUMN command is partially supported.
• SEQUENCE.NEXTVAL and SEQUENCE.CURRVAL are supported and return values with DECIMAL/NUMERIC data type.
• Merge when matched clause may have WHERE clause.
• MINUS can be used instead of EXCEPT.
• SYSDATE and SYSTIMESTAMP are supported.

PostgreSQL Compatibility Mode

To use the PostgreSQL mode, use the database URL

java -cp h2*.jar org.h2.tools.ChangeFileEncryption -dir ~ -db test -cipher AES -encrypt filepwd

45. Do not change value of DATABASE_TO_LOWER after creation of database.

• For aliased columns, java -cp h2*.jar org.h2.tools.ChangeFileEncryption -dir _{-db test -cipher AES -encrypt filepwd 00 returns the alias name and java -cp h2*.jar org.h2.tools.ChangeFileEncryption -dir} -db test -cipher AES -encrypt filepwd 01 returns java -cp h2*.jar org.h2.tools.ChangeFileEncryption -dir ~ -db test -cipher AES -encrypt filepwd 02.
• When converting a floating point number to an integer, the fractional digits are not be truncated, but the value is rounded.
• The system columns java -cp h2*.jar org.h2.tools.ChangeFileEncryption -dir _{-db test -cipher AES -encrypt filepwd 49 and java -cp h2*.jar org.h2.tools.ChangeFileEncryption -dir} -db test -cipher AES -encrypt filepwd 50 are supported.
• GREATEST and LEAST ignore NULL values by default.
• LOG(x) is base 10 in this mode.
• REGEXP_REPLACE():
  • uses \ for back-references;
  • does not throw an exception when the java -cp h2*.jar org.h2.tools.ChangeFileEncryption -dir ~ -db test -cipher AES -encrypt filepwd 51 parameter contains a 'g';
  • replaces only the first matched substring in the absence of the 'g' flag in the java -cp h2*.jar org.h2.tools.ChangeFileEncryption -dir ~ -db test -cipher AES -encrypt filepwd 51 parameter.
• LIMIT / OFFSET clauses are supported.
• Legacy SERIAL and BIGSERIAL data types are supported.
• ON CONFLICT DO NOTHING is supported in INSERT statements.
• Spaces are trimmed from the right side of CHAR values, but CHAR values in result sets are right-padded with spaces to the declared length.
• NUMERIC and DECIMAL/DEC data types without parameters are treated like DECFLOAT data type.
• MONEY data type is treated like NUMERIC(19, 2) data type.
• Datetime value functions return the same value within a transaction.
• ARRAY_SLICE() out of bounds parameters are silently corrected.
• EXTRACT function with DOW field returns (0-6), Sunday is 0.
• UPDATE with FROM is partially supported.
• GROUP BY clause can contain 1-based positions of expressions from the SELECT list.

Auto-Reconnect

The auto-reconnect feature causes the JDBC driver to reconnect to the database if the connection is lost. The automatic re-connect only occurs when auto-commit is enabled; if auto-commit is disabled, an exception is thrown. To enable this mode, append

java -cp h2*.jar org.h2.tools.ChangeFileEncryption -dir ~ -db test -cipher AES -encrypt filepwd

53 to the database URL.

Re-connecting will open a new session. After an automatic re-connect, variables and local temporary tables definitions (excluding data) are re-created. The contents of the system table

java -cp h2*.jar org.h2.tools.ChangeFileEncryption -dir ~ -db test -cipher AES -encrypt filepwd

54 contains all client side state that is re-created.

If another connection uses the database in exclusive mode (enabled using

java -cp h2*.jar org.h2.tools.ChangeFileEncryption -dir ~ -db test -cipher AES -encrypt filepwd

55 or

java -cp h2*.jar org.h2.tools.ChangeFileEncryption -dir ~ -db test -cipher AES -encrypt filepwd

56), then this connection will try to re-connect until the exclusive mode ends.

Automatic Mixed Mode

Multiple processes can access the same database without having to start the server manually. To do that, append

java -cp h2*.jar org.h2.tools.ChangeFileEncryption -dir ~ -db test -cipher AES -encrypt filepwd

57 to the database URL. You can use the same database URL independent of whether the database is already open or not. This feature doesn't work with in-memory databases. Example database URL:

jdbc:h2:/data/test;AUTO_SERVER=TRUE

Use the same URL for all connections to this database. Internally, when using this mode, the first connection to the database is made in embedded mode, and additionally a server is started internally (as a daemon thread). If the database is already open in another process, the server mode is used automatically. The IP address and port of the server are stored in the file

java -cp h2*.jar org.h2.tools.ChangeFileEncryption -dir ~ -db test -cipher AES -encrypt filepwd

58, that's why in-memory databases can't be supported.

The application that opens the first connection to the database uses the embedded mode, which is faster than the server mode. Therefore the main application should open the database first if possible. The first connection automatically starts a server on a random port. This server allows remote connections, however only to this database (to ensure that, the client reads

java -cp h2*.jar org.h2.tools.ChangeFileEncryption -dir ~ -db test -cipher AES -encrypt filepwd

58 file and sends the random key that is stored there to the server). When the first connection is closed, the server stops. If other (remote) connections are still open, one of them will then start a server (auto-reconnect is enabled automatically).

All processes need to have access to the database files. If the first connection is closed (the connection that started the server), open transactions of other connections will be rolled back (this may not be a problem if you don't disable autocommit). Explicit client/server connections (using

java -cp h2*.jar org.h2.tools.ChangeFileEncryption -dir ~ -db test -cipher AES -encrypt filepwd

60 or

java -cp h2*.jar org.h2.tools.ChangeFileEncryption -dir ~ -db test -cipher AES -encrypt filepwd

61. are not supported. This mode is not supported for in-memory databases.

Here is an example how to use this mode. Application 1 and 2 are not necessarily started on the same computer, but they need to have access to the database files. Application 1 and 2 are typically two different processes (however they could run within the same process).

java -cp h2*.jar org.h2.tools.ChangeFileEncryption -dir ~ -db test -cipher AES -encrypt filepwd

0

When using this feature, by default the server uses any free TCP port. The port can be set manually using

java -cp h2*.jar org.h2.tools.ChangeFileEncryption -dir ~ -db test -cipher AES -encrypt filepwd

62.

Page Size

The page size for new databases is 4 KiB (4096 bytes), unless the page size is set explicitly in the database URL using

java -cp h2*.jar org.h2.tools.ChangeFileEncryption -dir ~ -db test -cipher AES -encrypt filepwd

63 when the database is created. The page size of existing databases can not be changed, so this property needs to be set when the database is created. The page size of encrypted databases must be a multiple of 4096 (4096, 8192, …).

Using the Trace Options

To find problems in an application, it is sometimes good to see what database operations where executed. This database offers the following trace features:

• Trace to java -cp h2*.jar org.h2.tools.ChangeFileEncryption -dir ~ -db test -cipher AES -encrypt filepwd 64 and/or to a file
• Support for trace levels java -cp h2*.jar org.h2.tools.ChangeFileEncryption -dir ~ -db test -cipher AES -encrypt filepwd 65
• The maximum size of the trace file can be set
• It is possible to generate Java source code from the trace file
• Trace can be enabled at runtime by manually creating a file

Trace Options

The simplest way to enable the trace option is setting it in the database URL. There are two settings, one for

java -cp h2*.jar org.h2.tools.ChangeFileEncryption -dir ~ -db test -cipher AES -encrypt filepwd

64 (

java -cp h2*.jar org.h2.tools.ChangeFileEncryption -dir ~ -db test -cipher AES -encrypt filepwd

67. tracing, and one for file tracing (

java -cp h2*.jar org.h2.tools.ChangeFileEncryption -dir ~ -db test -cipher AES -encrypt filepwd

68). The trace levels are 0 for

java -cp h2*.jar org.h2.tools.ChangeFileEncryption -dir ~ -db test -cipher AES -encrypt filepwd

69, 1 for

java -cp h2*.jar org.h2.tools.ChangeFileEncryption -dir ~ -db test -cipher AES -encrypt filepwd

70 (the default), 2 for

java -cp h2*.jar org.h2.tools.ChangeFileEncryption -dir ~ -db test -cipher AES -encrypt filepwd

71, and 3 for

java -cp h2*.jar org.h2.tools.ChangeFileEncryption -dir ~ -db test -cipher AES -encrypt filepwd

72. A database URL with both levels set to

java -cp h2*.jar org.h2.tools.ChangeFileEncryption -dir ~ -db test -cipher AES -encrypt filepwd

72 is:

java -cp h2*.jar org.h2.tools.ChangeFileEncryption -dir ~ -db test -cipher AES -encrypt filepwd

1

The trace level can be changed at runtime by executing the SQL command

java -cp h2*.jar org.h2.tools.ChangeFileEncryption -dir ~ -db test -cipher AES -encrypt filepwd

74 (for

java -cp h2*.jar org.h2.tools.ChangeFileEncryption -dir ~ -db test -cipher AES -encrypt filepwd

64 tracing) or

java -cp h2*.jar org.h2.tools.ChangeFileEncryption -dir ~ -db test -cipher AES -encrypt filepwd

76 (for file tracing). Example:

java -cp h2*.jar org.h2.tools.ChangeFileEncryption -dir ~ -db test -cipher AES -encrypt filepwd

2

Setting the Maximum Size of the Trace File

When using a high trace level, the trace file can get very big quickly. The default size limit is 16 MB, if the trace file exceeds this limit, it is renamed to

java -cp h2*.jar org.h2.tools.ChangeFileEncryption -dir ~ -db test -cipher AES -encrypt filepwd

77 and a new file is created. If another such file exists, it is deleted. To limit the size to a certain number of megabytes, use

java -cp h2*.jar org.h2.tools.ChangeFileEncryption -dir ~ -db test -cipher AES -encrypt filepwd

78. Example:

java -cp h2*.jar org.h2.tools.ChangeFileEncryption -dir ~ -db test -cipher AES -encrypt filepwd

3

Java Code Generation

When setting the trace level to

java -cp h2*.jar org.h2.tools.ChangeFileEncryption -dir ~ -db test -cipher AES -encrypt filepwd

71 or

java -cp h2*.jar org.h2.tools.ChangeFileEncryption -dir ~ -db test -cipher AES -encrypt filepwd

72, Java source code is generated as well. This simplifies reproducing problems. The trace file looks like this:

java -cp h2*.jar org.h2.tools.ChangeFileEncryption -dir ~ -db test -cipher AES -encrypt filepwd

4

To filter the Java source code, use the

java -cp h2*.jar org.h2.tools.ChangeFileEncryption -dir ~ -db test -cipher AES -encrypt filepwd

81 tool as follows:

java -cp h2*.jar org.h2.tools.ChangeFileEncryption -dir ~ -db test -cipher AES -encrypt filepwd

5

The generated file

java -cp h2*.jar org.h2.tools.ChangeFileEncryption -dir ~ -db test -cipher AES -encrypt filepwd

82 will contain the Java source code. The generated source code may be too large to compile (the size of a Java method is limited). If this is the case, the source code needs to be split in multiple methods. The password is not listed in the trace file and therefore not included in the source code.

Using Other Logging APIs

By default, this database uses its own native 'trace' facility. This facility is called 'trace' and not 'log' within this database to avoid confusion with the transaction log. Trace messages can be written to both file and

java -cp h2*.jar org.h2.tools.ChangeFileEncryption -dir ~ -db test -cipher AES -encrypt filepwd

64. In most cases, this is sufficient, however sometimes it is better to use the same facility as the application, for example Log4j. To do that, this database support SLF4J.

SLF4J is a simple facade for various logging APIs and allows to plug in the desired implementation at deployment time. SLF4J supports implementations such as Logback, Log4j, Jakarta Commons Logging (JCL), Java logging, x4juli, and Simple Log.

To enable SLF4J, set the file trace level to 4 in the database URL:

java -cp h2*.jar org.h2.tools.ChangeFileEncryption -dir ~ -db test -cipher AES -encrypt filepwd

6

Changing the log mechanism is not possible after the database is open, that means executing the SQL statement

java -cp h2*.jar org.h2.tools.ChangeFileEncryption -dir ~ -db test -cipher AES -encrypt filepwd

84 when the database is already open will not have the desired effect. To use SLF4J, all required jar files need to be in the classpath. The logger name is

java -cp h2*.jar org.h2.tools.ChangeFileEncryption -dir ~ -db test -cipher AES -encrypt filepwd

85. If it does not work, check the file

String url = "jdbc:h2:~/test;ACCESS_MODE_DATA=rws";

7 for error messages.

Read Only Databases

If the database files are read-only, then the database is read-only as well. It is not possible to create new tables, add or modify data in this database. Only

5 and

java -cp h2*.jar org.h2.tools.ChangeFileEncryption -dir ~ -db test -cipher AES -encrypt filepwd

88 statements are allowed. To create a read-only database, close the database. Then, make the database file read-only. When you open the database now, it is read-only. There are two ways an application can find out whether database is read-only: by calling

java -cp h2*.jar org.h2.tools.ChangeFileEncryption -dir ~ -db test -cipher AES -encrypt filepwd

89 or by executing the SQL statement

java -cp h2*.jar org.h2.tools.ChangeFileEncryption -dir ~ -db test -cipher AES -encrypt filepwd

90.

Using the

0 the database can also be opened in read-only mode, even if the database file is not read only.

Read Only Databases in Zip or Jar File

To create a read-only database in a zip file, first create a regular persistent database, and then create a backup. The database must not have pending changes, that means you need to close all connections to the database first. To speed up opening the read-only database and running queries, the database should be closed using

java -cp h2*.jar org.h2.tools.ChangeFileEncryption -dir ~ -db test -cipher AES -encrypt filepwd

92. If you are using a database named

String url = "jdbc:h2:~/test;DB_CLOSE_ON_EXIT=FALSE";

2, an easy way to create a zip file is using the

java -cp h2*.jar org.h2.tools.ChangeFileEncryption -dir ~ -db test -cipher AES -encrypt filepwd

94 tool. You can start the tool from the command line, or from within the H2 Console (Tools - Backup). Please note that the database must be closed when the backup is created. Therefore, the SQL statement

java -cp h2*.jar org.h2.tools.ChangeFileEncryption -dir ~ -db test -cipher AES -encrypt filepwd

95 can not be used.

When the zip file is created, you can open the database in the zip file using the following database URL:

java -cp h2*.jar org.h2.tools.ChangeFileEncryption -dir ~ -db test -cipher AES -encrypt filepwd

7

Databases in zip files are read-only. The performance for some queries will be slower than when using a regular database, because random access in zip files is not supported (only streaming). How much this affects the performance depends on the queries and the data. The database is not read in memory; therefore large databases are supported as well. The same indexes are used as when using a regular database.

If the database is larger than a few megabytes, performance is much better if the database file is split into multiple smaller files, because random access in compressed files is not possible. See also the sample application ReadOnlyDatabaseInZip.

Opening a Corrupted Database

If a database cannot be opened because the boot info (the SQL script that is run at startup) is corrupted, then the database can be opened by specifying a database event listener. The exceptions are logged, but opening the database will continue.

Generated Columns (Computed Columns) / Function Based Index

Each column is either a base column or a generated column. A generated column is a column whose value is calculated before storing and cannot be assigned directly. The formula is evaluated when the row is inserted, and re-evaluated every time the row is updated. One use case is to automatically update the last-modification time:

java -cp h2*.jar org.h2.tools.ChangeFileEncryption -dir ~ -db test -cipher AES -encrypt filepwd

8

Function indexes are not directly supported by this database, but they can be emulated by using generated columns. For example, if an index on the upper-case version of a column is required, create a generated column with the upper-case version of the original column, and create an index for this column:

java -cp h2*.jar org.h2.tools.ChangeFileEncryption -dir ~ -db test -cipher AES -encrypt filepwd

9

When inserting data, it is not required (and not allowed) to specify a value for the upper-case version of the column, because the value is generated. But you can use the column when querying the table:

String url = "jdbc:h2:~/test;FILE_LOCK=SOCKET";

0

Multi-Dimensional Indexes

A tool is provided to execute efficient multi-dimension (spatial) range queries. This database does not support a specialized spatial index (R-Tree or similar). Instead, the B-Tree index is used. For each record, the multi-dimensional key is converted (mapped) to a single dimensional (scalar) value. This value specifies the location on a space-filling curve.

Currently, Z-order (also called N-order or Morton-order) is used; Hilbert curve could also be used, but the implementation is more complex. The algorithm to convert the multi-dimensional value is called bit-interleaving. The scalar value is indexed using a B-Tree index (usually using a generated column).

The method can result in a drastic performance improvement over just using an index on the first column. Depending on the data and number of dimensions, the improvement is usually higher than factor 5. The tool generates a SQL query from a specified multi-dimensional range. The method used is not database dependent, and the tool can easily be ported to other databases. For an example how to use the tool, please have a look at the sample code provided in

java -cp h2*.jar org.h2.tools.ChangeFileEncryption -dir ~ -db test -cipher AES -encrypt filepwd

96.

User-Defined Functions and Stored Procedures

In addition to the built-in functions, this database supports user-defined Java functions. In this database, Java functions can be used as stored procedures as well. A function must be declared (registered) before it can be used. A function can be defined using source code, or as a reference to a compiled class that is available in the classpath. By default, the function aliases are stored in the current schema.

Referencing a Compiled Method

When referencing a method, the class must already be compiled and included in the classpath where the database is running. Only static Java methods are supported; both the class and the method must be public. Example Java class:

String url = "jdbc:h2:~/test;FILE_LOCK=SOCKET";

1

The Java function must be registered in the database by calling

java -cp h2*.jar org.h2.tools.ChangeFileEncryption -dir ~ -db test -cipher AES -encrypt filepwd

97:

String url = "jdbc:h2:~/test;FILE_LOCK=SOCKET";

2

For a complete sample application, see

java -cp h2*.jar org.h2.tools.ChangeFileEncryption -dir ~ -db test -cipher AES -encrypt filepwd

98.

Declaring Functions as Source Code

When defining a function alias with source code, the database tries to compile the source code using the Java compiler (the class

java -cp h2*.jar org.h2.tools.ChangeFileEncryption -dir ~ -db test -cipher AES -encrypt filepwd

99. if it is in the classpath. If not,

String url = "jdbc:h2:~/test;FILE_LOCK=SOCKET";

00 is run as a separate process. Only the source code is stored in the database; the class is compiled each time the database is re-opened. Source code can be passed as dollar quoted text (

String url = "jdbc:h2:~/test;FILE_LOCK=SOCKET";

1. to avoid escaping problems. If you use some third-party script processing tool, use standard single quotes instead and don't forget to repeat each single quotation mark twice within the source code. Example:

String url = "jdbc:h2:~/test;FILE_LOCK=SOCKET";

3

By default, the three packages

String url = "jdbc:h2:~/test;FILE_LOCK=SOCKET";

02 are imported. The method name (

String url = "jdbc:h2:~/test;FILE_LOCK=SOCKET";

03 in the example above) is ignored. Method overloading is not supported when declaring functions as source code, that means only one method may be declared for an alias. If different import statements are required, they must be declared at the beginning and separated with the tag

String url = "jdbc:h2:~/test;FILE_LOCK=SOCKET";

04:

String url = "jdbc:h2:~/test;FILE_LOCK=SOCKET";

4

The following template is used to create a complete Java class:

String url = "jdbc:h2:~/test;FILE_LOCK=SOCKET";

5

Method Overloading

Multiple methods may be bound to a SQL function if the class is already compiled and included in the classpath. Each Java method must have a different number of arguments. Method overloading is not supported when declaring functions as source code.

Function Data Type Mapping

Functions that accept non-nullable parameters such as

String url = "jdbc:h2:~/test;FILE_LOCK=SOCKET";

05 will not be called if one of those parameters is

java -cp h2*.jar org.h2.tools.ChangeFileEncryption -dir ~ -db test -cipher AES -encrypt filepwd

08. Instead, the result of the function is

java -cp h2*.jar org.h2.tools.ChangeFileEncryption -dir ~ -db test -cipher AES -encrypt filepwd

08. If the function should be called if a parameter is

java -cp h2*.jar org.h2.tools.ChangeFileEncryption -dir ~ -db test -cipher AES -encrypt filepwd

08, you need to use

String url = "jdbc:h2:~/test;FILE_LOCK=SOCKET";

09 instead.

SQL types are mapped to Java classes and vice-versa as in the JDBC API. For details, see Data Types. There are a few special cases:

String url = "jdbc:h2:~/test;FILE_LOCK=SOCKET";

10 is mapped to

String url = "jdbc:h2:~/test;FILE_LOCK=SOCKET";

11 (a serialized object). Therefore,

String url = "jdbc:h2:~/test;FILE_LOCK=SOCKET";

10 can not be used to match all SQL types (matching all SQL types is not supported). The second special case is

String url = "jdbc:h2:~/test;FILE_LOCK=SOCKET";

13: arrays of any class are mapped to

String url = "jdbc:h2:~/test;FILE_LOCK=SOCKET";

14. Objects of type

String url = "jdbc:h2:~/test;FILE_LOCK=SOCKET";

15 (the internal value class) are passed through without conversion.

Functions That Require a Connection

If the first parameter of a Java function is a

String url = "jdbc:h2:~/test;FILE_LOCK=SOCKET";

16, then the connection to database is provided. This connection does not need to be closed before returning. When calling the method from within the SQL statement, this connection parameter does not need to be (can not be) specified.

Functions Throwing an Exception

If a function throws an exception, then the current statement is rolled back and the exception is thrown to the application. SQLException are directly re-thrown to the calling application; all other exceptions are first converted to a SQLException.

Functions Returning a Result Set

Functions may returns a result set. Such a function can be called with the

java -cp h2*.jar org.h2.tools.ChangeFileEncryption -dir ~ -db test -cipher AES -encrypt filepwd

88 statement:

String url = "jdbc:h2:~/test;FILE_LOCK=SOCKET";

6

Using SimpleResultSet

A function can create a result set using the

String url = "jdbc:h2:~/test;FILE_LOCK=SOCKET";

18 tool:

String url = "jdbc:h2:~/test;FILE_LOCK=SOCKET";

7

Using a Function as a Table

A function that returns a result set can be used like a table. However, in this case the function is called at least twice: first while parsing the statement to collect the column names (with parameters set to

java -cp h2*.jar org.h2.tools.ChangeFileEncryption -dir ~ -db test -cipher AES -encrypt filepwd

02 where not known at compile time). And then, while executing the statement to get the data (maybe multiple times if this is a join). If the function is called just to get the column list, the URL of the connection passed to the function is

String url = "jdbc:h2:~/test;FILE_LOCK=SOCKET";

20. Otherwise, the URL of the connection is

String url = "jdbc:h2:~/test;FILE_LOCK=SOCKET";

21.

String url = "jdbc:h2:~/test;FILE_LOCK=SOCKET";

8

Pluggable or User-Defined Tables

For situations where you need to expose other data-sources to the SQL engine as a table, there are "pluggable tables". For some examples, have a look at the code in

String url = "jdbc:h2:~/test;FILE_LOCK=SOCKET";

22.

In order to create your own TableEngine, you need to implement the

String url = "jdbc:h2:~/test;FILE_LOCK=SOCKET";

23 interface e.g. something like this:

String url = "jdbc:h2:~/test;FILE_LOCK=SOCKET";

9

and then create the table from SQL like this:

String url = "jdbc:h2:/data/sample;IFEXISTS=TRUE";

0

It is also possible to pass in parameters to the table engine, like so:

String url = "jdbc:h2:/data/sample;IFEXISTS=TRUE";

1

In which case the parameters are passed down in the tableEngineParams field of the CreateTableData object.

It is also possible to specify default table engine params on schema creation:

String url = "jdbc:h2:/data/sample;IFEXISTS=TRUE";

2

Params from the schema are used when CREATE TABLE issued on this schema does not have its own engine params specified.

Triggers

This database supports Java triggers that are called before or after a row is updated, inserted or deleted. Triggers can be used for complex consistency checks, or to update related data in the database. It is also possible to use triggers to simulate materialized views. For a complete sample application, see

String url = "jdbc:h2:~/test;FILE_LOCK=SOCKET";

24. A Java trigger must implement the interface

String url = "jdbc:h2:~/test;FILE_LOCK=SOCKET";

25. The trigger class must be available in the classpath of the database engine (when using the server mode, it must be in the classpath of the server).

String url = "jdbc:h2:/data/sample;IFEXISTS=TRUE";

3

The connection can be used to query or update data in other tables. The trigger then needs to be defined in the database:

String url = "jdbc:h2:/data/sample;IFEXISTS=TRUE";

4

The trigger can be used to veto a change by throwing a

String url = "jdbc:h2:~/test;FILE_LOCK=SOCKET";

26.

As an alternative to implementing the

String url = "jdbc:h2:~/test;FILE_LOCK=SOCKET";

27 interface, an application can extend the abstract class

String url = "jdbc:h2:~/test;FILE_LOCK=SOCKET";

28. This will allows to use the

String url = "jdbc:h2:~/test;FILE_LOCK=SOCKET";

29 interface within trigger implementations. In this case, only the

String url = "jdbc:h2:~/test;FILE_LOCK=SOCKET";

30 method needs to be implemented:

String url = "jdbc:h2:/data/sample;IFEXISTS=TRUE";

5

Compacting a Database

Empty space in the database file re-used automatically. When closing the database, the database is automatically compacted for up to 200 milliseconds by default. To compact more, use the SQL statement SHUTDOWN COMPACT. However re-creating the database may further reduce the database size because this will re-build the indexes. Here is a sample function to do this:

String url = "jdbc:h2:/data/sample;IFEXISTS=TRUE";

6

See also the sample application

String url = "jdbc:h2:~/test;FILE_LOCK=SOCKET";

31. The commands

String url = "jdbc:h2:~/test;FILE_LOCK=SOCKET";

32 can be used as well to create a backup of a database and re-build the database from the script.

Cache Settings

The database keeps most frequently used data in the main memory. The amount of memory used for caching can be changed using the setting

String url = "jdbc:h2:~/test;FILE_LOCK=SOCKET";

33. This setting can be set in the database connection URL (

String url = "jdbc:h2:~/test;FILE_LOCK=SOCKET";

34), or it can be changed at runtime using

String url = "jdbc:h2:~/test;FILE_LOCK=SOCKET";

35. The size of the cache, as represented by

String url = "jdbc:h2:~/test;FILE_LOCK=SOCKET";

33 is measured in KB, with each KB being 1024 bytes. This setting has no effect for in-memory databases. For persistent databases, the setting is stored in the database and re-used when the database is opened the next time. However, when opening an existing database, the cache size is set to at most half the amount of memory available for the virtual machine (Runtime.getRuntime().maxMemory()), even if the cache size setting stored in the database is larger; however the setting stored in the database is kept. Setting the cache size in the database URL or explicitly using

String url = "jdbc:h2:~/test;FILE_LOCK=SOCKET";

37 overrides this value (even if larger than the physical memory). To get the current used maximum cache size, use the query

String url = "jdbc:h2:~/test;FILE_LOCK=SOCKET";

38

An experimental scan-resistant cache algorithm "Two Queue" (2Q) is available. To enable it, append

String url = "jdbc:h2:~/test;FILE_LOCK=SOCKET";

39 to the database URL. The cache might not actually improve performance. If you plan to use it, please run your own test cases first.

Also included is an experimental second level soft reference cache. Rows in this cache are only garbage collected on low memory. By default the second level cache is disabled. To enable it, use the prefix

String url = "jdbc:h2:~/test;FILE_LOCK=SOCKET";

40. Example:

String url = "jdbc:h2:~/test;FILE_LOCK=SOCKET";

41. The cache might not actually improve performance. If you plan to use it, please run your own test cases first.

To get information about page reads and writes, and the current caching algorithm in use, call

String url = "jdbc:h2:~/test;FILE_LOCK=SOCKET";

42. The number of pages read / written is listed.

External authentication (Experimental)

External authentication allows to optionally validate user credentials externally (JAAS,LDAP,custom classes). Is also possible to temporary assign roles to externally authenticated users. This feature is experimental and subject to change

Master user cannot be externally authenticated

To enable external authentication on a database execute statement

String url = "jdbc:h2:~/test;FILE_LOCK=SOCKET";

43. This setting in persisted on the database.

To connect on a database by using external credentials client must append

String url = "jdbc:h2:~/test;FILE_LOCK=SOCKET";

44 to the database URL.

String url = "jdbc:h2:~/test;FILE_LOCK=SOCKET";

45 is the identifier of the authentication realm (see later).

External authentication requires to send password to the server. For this reason is works only on local connection or remote over ssl

By default external authentication is performed through JAAS login interface (configuration name is

String url = "jdbc:h2:~/test;FILE_LOCK=SOCKET";

46). To configure JAAS add argument

String url = "jdbc:h2:~/test;FILE_LOCK=SOCKET";

47 Here an example of JAAS login configuration file content:

String url = "jdbc:h2:/data/sample;IFEXISTS=TRUE";

7

Is it possible to specify custom authentication settings by using JVM argument

String url = "jdbc:h2:~/test;FILE_LOCK=SOCKET";

48. Here an example of h2auth.xml file content: