What are some risk factors for stomach cancer?
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The estimated lifetime risk of being diagnosed with stomach cancer is 1 in 76 (1%) for males, and 1 in 130 (less than 1%) for females born after 1960 in the UK.[] Show These figures take account of the possibility that someone can have more than one diagnosis of stomach cancer in their lifetime (‘Adjusted for Multiple Primaries’ (AMP) method).[]  See alsoLifetime risk for all cancers combined and cancers compared Stomach cancer incidence statistics How risk is calculated Want to generate bespoke preventable cancers stats statements? Download our interactive statement generator. References
About this dataData is for UK, past and projected cancer incidence and mortality and all-cause mortality rates for those born in 1961, ICD-10 C16. The calculations used past and projected cancer incidence and mortality and all-cause mortality rates for those born in 1961 to project risk over the lifetime of those born in 1961 (cohort method).[] Projections are based on observed incidence and mortality rates and therefore implicitly include changes in cancer risk factors, diagnosis and treatment. Last reviewed: 11 September 2018 54% of stomach cancer cases in the UK are preventable.[] Stomach cancer is associated with a number of risk factors.[] Stomach Cancer Risk Factors Increases riskDecreases risk'Sufficient' or 'convincing' evidence
International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) and World Cancer Research Fund/American Institute for Cancer Research (WCRF/AICR) classifications. a cardia; b non-cardia; c IARC classifies evidence on body fatness as sufficient, WCRF/AICR classifies evidence on body fatness as probable; d ingested under conditions that result in endogenous nitrosation; e WCRF/AICR classifies evidence on alcoholic drinks as probable. See alsoWant to generate bespoke preventable cancers stats statements? Download our interactive statement generator. Find out more about the definitions and evidence for this data Learn how attributable risk is calculated References
Last reviewed: 14 June 2018 International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) classifies the role of this risk factor in cancer development.[] 41% of stomach cancer cases in the UK are caused by H. pylori infection.[] Stomach (non-cardia) cancer risk is 6 times higher in people with H. pylori infection, a pooled analysis showed.[] This relates to H. pylori status 10+ years prior to stomach cancer diagnosis, which is the most appropriate measure: Negative H. pylori status shortly before stomach cancer diagnosis may reflect infection clearance due to the cancer itself, as H. pylori does not colonise cancer/pre-cancer cells.[] Stomach cancer risk is higher in CagA-positive H. pylori than in CagA-negative H pylori.[] Stomach cancer risk is 38% lower in asymptomatic infected individuals who receive H. pylori eradication treatment a metanalysis showed.[] The effect is stronger in areas with a higher baseline stomach cancer incidence rate.[] H. pylori prevalence is falling in the UK, but it remains a problem in developing countries.[] See alsoFind out more about the definitions and evidence for this data Learn how attributable risk is calculated See more information on how infections can be a cause of cancer References
Last reviewed: 3 May 2019 International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) classifies the role of this risk factor in cancer development.[] 15% of stomach cancer cases in the UK are caused by smoking.[] Stomach cancer risk is 62% higher in male smokers compared with male never-smokers, meta-analyses have shown.[] Stomach cancer risk is 20% higher in female smokers compared with female never-smokers, meta-analyses have shown.[] Risk is higher in smokers for both cardia and non-cardia stomach cancer,[] and increases with number of cigarettes smoked per day.[] Stomach cancer risk is not higher in ex-smokers compared with never-smokers.[] Smokeless tobacco is not associated with stomach cancer risk.[] infographic_tobacco-related_cancers_uk_print_a4.pngUK portrait version shown here. Country versions, cancers caused by other risk factors, and landscape formats are available for free from our cancer risk publications. See alsoFind out more about the definitions and evidence for this data Learn how attributable risk is calculated View our statistics on tobacco and cancer View our health information on smoking and cancer References
Last reviewed: 1 October 2018 International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) and World Cancer Research Fund/American Institute for Cancer Research (WCRF/AICR) classify the role of this risk factor in cancer development.[] 6% of stomach cancer cases in the UK are caused by overweight and obesity.[] Stomach (cardia) and oesophogaeal adeonocarcinaoma cancer risk is 48% higher in people who are overweight (body mass index [BMI] 25-29.9), and 119% higher in people who are obese (BMI 30+), compared with those of a normal weight (BMI <25), an umbrella review of meta-analyses has shown.[] Stomach cancer risk is 48% higher amongst the highest category of waist circumference compared to the lowest category, a meta-analysis has shown.[] Stomach cancer risk is 33% higher amongst the highest category of waist to hip ratio compared to the lowest category, a meta-analysis has shown,[] Non-cardia stomach cancer risk is not associated with overweight and obesity, meta-analyses have shown.[] infographic_obesity-related_cancers_uk_print_a4.pngUK portrait version shown here. Country versions, cancers caused by other risk factors, and landscape formats are available for free from our cancer risk publications. See alsoFind out more about the definitions and evidence for this data Learn how attributable risk is calculated View our statistics on obesity and cancer View our health information on obesity, weight and cancer References
Last reviewed: 3 May 2019 International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) classifies the role of this risk factor in cancer development.[] Around 9% of stomach cancers are EBV-positive, meta-analyses have shown.[] It is unclear how EBV infection is associated with increased stomach cancer risk.[] infographic_infections-related_cancers_uk_screen.pngUK portrait version shown here. Country versions, cancers caused by other risk factors, and landscape formats are available for free from our cancer risk publications. See alsoFind out more about the definitions and evidence for this data Learn how attributable risk is calculated View our health information on infections and cancer See more information on how EBV can be a cause of cancer References
Last reviewed: 1 October 2018 International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) classifies the role of this risk factor in cancer development.[] 2% of stomach cancer cases in the UK are caused by workplace exposures.[] Asbestos Stomach cancer mortality risk is 19% higher in people exposed to asbestos at work, a meta-analysis showed.[] Chromium Stomach cancer risk is 27% higher in people exposed to chromium at work, a meta-analysis showed.[] infographic_work-related_cancers_uk_print_a4.pngUK portrait version shown here. Country versions, cancers caused by other risk factors, and landscape formats are available for free from our cancer risk publications. See alsoFind out more about the definitions and evidence for this data Learn how attributable risk is calculated See more information on how occupational exposures can be a cause of cancer References
Last reviewed: 1 October 2018 International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) classifies the role of this risk factor in cancer development.[] Stomach cancer risk is not associated with processed meat intake, a meta-analysis of cohort studies showed; though there was some evidence of risk increase in case-control studies.[] Variability between studies may reflect differences by stomach cancer subsite or H. pylori status.[] See alsoFind out more about the definitions and evidence for this data Learn how attributable risk is calculated National Diet and Nutrition Survey View our health information on diet and cancer References
Last reviewed: 3 May 2019 International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) and World Cancer Research Fund/American Institute for Cancer Research (WCRF/AICR) classify the role of this risk factor in cancer development.[] Pickled food Stomach cancer risk is 28-56% higher in people with the highest intake of pickled foods, compared with those with the lowest, meta-analyses have shown.[] Total salt intake Stomach cancer risk is 68% higher in people with high salt intake compared with those with low salt intake, a meta-analysis showed.[] Salt intake may increase the extent of H. pylori infection (the association between salt and stomach cancer risk may be limited to people with H. pylori infection[]) and/or inflame/damage stomach tissue directly.[] Variability between studies may reflect differences in salt intake assessment or confounding by other components of high-salt foods/diets.[] See alsoFind out more about the definitions and evidence for this data Learn how attributable risk is calculated National Diet and Nutrition Survey View our health information on diet and cancer References
Last reviewed: 1 October 2018 World Cancer Research Fund/American Institute for Cancer Research (WCRF/AICR) classifies the role of this risk factor in cancer development.[] Stomach cancer risk is 13-21% higher in people who consume ≤ 24g (3+ units) of alcohol per day, compared with non- or occasional drinkers, meta-analyses have shown;[] however, confounding by smoking or poor diet is possible.[] Stomach cancer risk is not associated with light or moderate alcohol consumption, meta-analyses have shown.[] See alsoFind out more about the definitions and evidence for this data Learn how attributable risk is calculated View our statistics on alcohol and cancer View our health information on alcohol and cancer References
Last reviewed: 3 May 2019 Stomach cancer risk is 44% higher in people with type 1 diabetes compared with people without type 1 diabetes, a meta-analysis of mainly European populations has shown.[] However, little or no increase in stomach cancer risk was found in diabetics (combining both people with type 1 and type 2 diabetes) a meta-analysis showed.[]Stomach cancer risk among diabetics may be lower in metformin users compared with non-users, a meta-analysis of cohort studies showed; however meta-analysis of randomised control trials (RCTs) showed no association.[] Who is most at risk for gastric cancer?Stomach cancer mostly affects older people. The average age of people when they are diagnosed is 68. About 6 of every 10 people diagnosed with stomach cancer each year are 65 or older. The lifetime risk of developing stomach cancer is higher in men (about 1 in 96) than in women (about 1 in 152).
Is stomach cancer caused by smoking?Gastric cancer (GC) is the third leading cause of cancer deaths worldwide. Smoking tobacco is the most important behavioral risk factor for GC. Several studies have examined the relationship between tobacco use and GC. A meta-analysis estimated that the risk was increased about 1.5-fold and was higher in men.
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