What research studies the same group over time?
Matched Groups Show
Matched groups refers to a technique in research design in which a participant in an experimental group being exposed to a manipulation is compared on an outcome variable to a specific participant in the control group who is similar in some important way but did not receive the manipulation. The most common reason for using this technique is if random assignment of participants to the experimental and control conditions was not possible, and it therefore cannot be assumed that the groups are equivalent to start. By examining and comparing the groups before the experimental manipulation and creating pairs of similar people—one in each condition—it is possible to more clearly identify the effect of the manipulation on an outcome, or dependent, variable, without confounding ... locked icon Sign in to access this contentSign in Get a 30 day FREE TRIAL
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What is a Longitudinal Study?By Julia Simkus, published Dec 27, 2021 A longitudinal study is a type of observational and correlational study that involves monitoring a population over an extended period of time. In longitudinal studies, researchers do not manipulate any variables or interfere with the environment. Instead, they simply conduct observations on the same group of subjects over a period of time. These research studies can last as short as a week or as long as multiple years, or even decades. Unlike cross-sectional studies that measure a moment in time, longitudinal studies last beyond a single moment, enabling researchers to discover cause and effect relationships between variables. They are beneficial for recognizing any changes, developments, or patterns in the characteristics of a target population. Longitudinal studies are often used in clinical and developmental psychology to study shifts in behaviors, thoughts, and emotions as well as trends throughout a lifetime. For example, a longitudinal study could be used to examine the progress and well-being of children at critical age periods from birth to adulthood. The Harvard Study of Adult Development is one of the longest longitudinal studies to date. Researchers in this study have been following the same group of men for over 80 years, observing psychosocial variables and biological processes for healthy aging and well-being in late life (see Harvard Second Generation Study). Types of Longitudinal StudiesPanel Study
Cohort Study
Retrospective Study
AdvantagesAllows researchers to look at changes overtime LimitationsCostly and time consuming
How to Perform a Longitudinal StudyWhen beginning to develop your longitudinal study, you have to first decide if you want to collect your own data or use data that has already been gathered. Using already collected data will save you time, but the data will be more restricted and limited than if you collect it yourself. When collecting your own data, you can choose to conduct either a retrospective or prospective study. In a retrospective study, you are collecting data on events that have already occurred. You can examine historical information, such as medical records, in order to understand the past. In a prospective study, on the other hand, you are collecting data in real time. Prospective studies are more common for psychology research. Once you determine the type of longitudinal study you will conduct, you then must determine how, when, where, and on whom the data will be collected. A standardized study design is vital for efficiently measuring a population. Once a study design is created, it is important that researchers maintain the same study procedures over time to uphold the validity of the observation. A schedule should be maintained, complete results should be recorded with each observation, and observer variability should be minimized. Researchers must observe each subject under the same conditions in order to compare them. In this type of study design, each subject is the control. Longitudinal vs Cross-Sectional StudiesLongitudinal studies and cross-sectional studies are two different observational study designs where researchers are analyzing a target population without manipulating or altering the natural environment in which the participants exist. Yet, there are apparent differences between these two forms of study. One key difference is that longitudinal studies follow the same sample of people over an extended period of time while cross-sectional studies look at the characteristics of different populations at a given moment in time. Longitudinal studies tend to require more time and resources, but they can be used to detect cause-and-effect relationships and establish patterns among subjects. Cross-sectional studies, on the other hand, tend to be cheaper and quicker but are only able to provide a snapshot of a point in time and thus cannot identify cause-and-effect relationships. Both types of studies are valuable for psychologists to observe a given group of subjects, but cross-sectional studies are more beneficial for establishing associations between variables while longitudinal studies are necessary for examining a sequence of events. Frequently asked questions about longitudinal studies1. Are longitudinal studies qualitative or quantitative? Both! Like cross-sectional studies, longitudinal studies can be either quantitative or qualitative. 2. What's the difference between a longitudinal and case-control study? Case control studies compare groups retrospectively and cannot be used to calculate relative risk. Longitudinal studies, though, can compare groups either retrospectively or prospectively. In case-control studies, researchers study one group of people who have developed a particular condition and compare them to a sample without the disease. Case-control studies look at a single subject or a single case, whereas longitudinal studies are conducted on a large group of subjects. 3. Does a longitudinal study have a control group? Essentially, yes. Since researchers observe each subject under the same conditions, each subject is an individual control. About the AuthorJulia Simkus is an undergraduate student at Princeton University, majoring in Psychology. She plans to pursue a PhD in Clinical Psychology upon graduation from Princeton in 2023. Julia has co-authored two journal articles, one titled “Substance Use Disorders and Behavioral Addictions During the COVID-19 Pandemic and COVID-19-Related Restrictions," which was published in Frontiers in Psychiatry in April 2021 and the other titled “Food Addiction: Latest Insights on the Clinical Implications," to be published in Handbook of Substance Misuse and Addictions: From Biology to Public Health in early 2022. How to reference this article:How to reference this article:Simkus, J. (2021, Dec 27). What is a Longitudinal Study? Simply Psychology. www.simplypsychology.org/longitudinal-study.html SourcesCook, N. R., & Ware, J. H. (1983). Design and analysis methods for longitudinal research. Annual review of public health, 4, 1–23. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.pu.04.050183.000245 Fitchett, G., Rybarczyk, B., Demarco, G., & Nicholas, J.J. (1999). The role of religion in medical rehabilitation outcomes: A longitudinal study. Rehabilitation Psychology, 44, 333-353. Harvard Second Generation Study. (n.d.). Harvard Second Generation Grant and Glueck Study. Harvard Study of Adult Development. Retrieved from https://www.adultdevelopmentstudy.org. Le Mare, L., & Audet, K. (2006). A longitudinal study of the physical growth and health of postinstitutionalized Romanian adoptees. Paediatrics & child health, 11(2), 85-91. Luo, Y., Hawkley, L. C., Waite, L. J., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2012). Loneliness, health, and mortality in old age: a national longitudinal study. Social science & medicine (1982), 74(6), 907–914. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2011.11.028 Marques, S. C., Pais-Ribeiro, J. L., & Lopez, S. J. (2011). The role of positive psychology constructs in predicting mental health and academic achievement in children and adolescents: A two-year longitudinal study. Journal of Happiness Studies: An Interdisciplinary Forum on Subjective Well-Being, 12(6), 1049–1062. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-010-9244-4 Sidney W.A. Dekker & Wilmar B. Schaufeli (1995) The effects of job insecurity on psychological health and withdrawal: A longitudinal study, Australian Psychologist, 30:1,57-63, DOI: 10.1080/00050069508259607 Stice, E., Mazotti, L., Krebs, M., & Martin, S. (1998). Predictors of adolescent dieting behaviors: A longitudinal study. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 12(3), 195–205. https://doi.org/10.1037/0893-164X.12.3.195 Tegan Cruwys, Katharine H Greenaway & S Alexander Haslam (2015) The Stress of Passing Through an Educational Bottleneck: A Longitudinal Study of Psychology Honours Students,Australian Psychologist, 50:5, 372-381, DOI: 10.1111/ap.12115 Thomas, L. (2020). What is a longitudinal study? Scribbr. Retrieved from https://www.scribbr.com/methodology/longitudinal-study/ Van der Vorst, H., Engels, R. C. M. E., Meeus, W., & Deković, M. (2006). Parental attachment, parental control, and early development of alcohol use: A longitudinal study. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 20(2), 107–116. https://doi.org/10.1037/0893-164X.20.2.107 Further Information Schaie, K. W. (2005). What can we learn from longitudinal studies of adult development?. Research in human development, 2(3), 133-158. Caruana, E. J., Roman, M., Hernández-Sánchez, J., & Solli, P. (2015). Longitudinal studies. Journal of thoracic disease, 7(11), E537. Home | About Us | Privacy Policy | Advertise | Contact Us Simply Psychology's content is for informational and educational purposes only. Our website is not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. © Simply Scholar Ltd - All rights reserved
What type of study follows the same sample over time?Longitudinal studies and cross-sectional studies are two different types of research design. In a cross-sectional study you collect data from a population at a specific point in time; in a longitudinal study you repeatedly collect data from the same sample over an extended period of time.
What research studies people of different ages at the same time?Cross-sectional research designs are used to examine behavior in participants of different ages who are tested at the same point in time.
Is longitudinal and cohort study the same?Cohort studies are one type of longitudinal study which sample a cohort (a group of people who share a defining characteristic, typically who experienced a common event in a selected period, such as birth or graduation) and perform cross-section observations at intervals through time.
What type of research design is crossCross-sectional study design is a type of observational study design. In a cross-sectional study, the investigator measures the outcome and the exposures in the study participants at the same time.
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