Which of the following protections are guaranteed by the fifth amendment?

 Donna is charged with participating in a bank robbery orchestrated by Alice. Eric, the prosecutor, decides to pursue separate trials against Donna and Alice. Eric wants to call Alice as a witness to testify against Donna and vice versa. Can Donna be compelled to testify in a trial against Alice? 

The Fifth Amendment is part of the Bill of Rights and provides a number of important rights. Some of these protections include the following prohibitions:

• From being held to answer for a capital or other serious crime without a presentment before a judge or an indictment by a grand jury
• Being tried for the same crime more than once—also known as the protection against double jeopardy
   
• Having property taken for public use (known as "eminent domain") without being paid fair compensation
   
• Being forced to say anything that incriminates oneself or to testify against one’s penal interests

When Can You Invoke Your Right Against Self-Incrimination?

The right against self-incrimination can be asserted in a number of courts and legal proceedings. Witnesses and defendants may be able to plead the Fifth in these situations:

• Criminal proceedings
   
• Civil lawsuits
   
• Administrative hearings
   
• Both state and federal courts
   
• Grand jury hearings
   
• Depositions

In order to invoke this right, certain conditions must be met. These requirements include:

• Compulsion. The Fifth Amendment only protects against compelled communications. That means that information voluntarily provided without any compulsion may be used against the person who provided that information.
   
• Testimony or Document Production. The right against self-incrimination only protects against testimony, which can be given through speaking or written documents that disclose information in the person’s mind. This means that it does not protect against requests to produce non-testimonial evidence, such as the taking of handwriting, blood, urine, DNA, and fingerprint samples.
   
• Self-incriminating. In order to be considered self-incriminating, the statements sought to be compelled must be such that it may lead to criminal prosecution or lead to other evidence that will be used for this purpose. This includes information that provides links in the chain towards a possible prosecution of the individual.

What Happens If a Defendant Pleads the Fifth in a Criminal or Civil Case?

A defendant has the right to decline to testify at his trial or at his sentencing. The judge, prosecutor, or defendant’s attorney cannot force a defendant to testify. If a defendant asserts this right, the jury or judge deciding the case is not permitted to take the defendant’s decision not to testify into consideration when deciding his guilt or innocence. In fact, prosecutors are prohibited from commenting negatively on a defendant's decision not to testify. However, a defendant can waive that right by taking the stand and testifying, and he becomes subject to full cross examination.

In some cases, a defendant may also be sued in a civil lawsuit by the victims of his alleged crime, such as in a civil lawsuit following a car accident. A defendant can invoke his right against self-incrimination in the civil case as well as the criminal proceeding. However, in the civil case, the jury may be allowed to make certain inferences from the refusal to testify, and the defendant may be barred from presenting certain evidence.

The Right of Witnesses to Refuse to Testify

The right of a witness to refuse to testify is different than that of a defendant. In both civil and criminal cases, witnesses who have been subpoenaed cannot refuse to take the witness stand. They must be sworn in and then are allowed to selectively refuse to answer questions that may incriminate them without waiving their right against self-incrimination. If the Fifth Amendment privilege is asserted, the trial judge must determine whether the privilege applies or whether the witness may be compelled to answer specific questions.

Do you have questions about your right to invoke your right against self-incrimination? Are you facing criminal charges? Our experienced criminal defense attorneys are here to help. Call our office today to schedule your free, no-obligation consultation.

The Fifth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution guarantees that an individual cannot be compelled by the government to provide incriminating information about herself – the so-called “right to remain silent.”  When an individual “takes the Fifth,” she invokes that right and refuses to answer questions or provide information that might incriminate her.

The Fifth Amendment can be invoked only in certain situations.

• An individual can only invoke the Fifth Amendment in response to a communication that is compelled, such as through a subpoena or other legal process.
• The communication must also be testimonial in nature. In other words, it must relate to either express or implied assertions of fact or belief.  For example, a nod would be considered a testimonial communication for purposes of the Fifth Amendment.  So would the act of producing documents or any other piece of evidence; the act of production communicates an implied assertion that the individual possessed the evidence.
• Finally, the testimony must be self-incriminating, such that the information would provide a link in the chain of evidence needed to prosecute the individual for a crime. Thus, the information itself need not be incriminating; it suffices that the information would lead to the discovery of incriminating evidence.

Because the communication must be self-incriminating, an individual who has received immunity cannot invoke the Fifth Amendment as a basis for refusing to answer questions; any statements would not be incriminating because the immunity prevents the government from using those statements (or any evidence derived from them) in a criminal prosecution against the individual.  Likewise, an individual who has received a pardon may not have any basis for invoking the Fifth Amendment.  Finally, an individual who has been convicted of a crime and sentenced cannot invoke the Fifth Amendment.

When an individual takes the Fifth, her silence or refusal to answer questions cannot be used against her in a criminal case.  A prosecutor cannot argue to the jury that the defendant’s silence implies guilt.  And prosecutors typically cannot even call a witness before the grand jury if the prosecutor knows the witness will invoke the Fifth Amendment. 

But taking the Fifth can have severe consequences nonetheless.  In a civil case or a civil enforcement action, the judge or jury can draw an adverse inference to support liability when the defendant invokes the Fifth Amendment.  And an employee who invokes the Fifth Amendment in response to questions from federal agents who are investigating corporate wrongdoing might be fired as a result.

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